4. Work Done by Normal and Diseased Human Hearts The heart is an elastic, muscular double pump whose rhythmic contractions provide the force needed to circulate the network of blood vessels comprising the circulatory system. The work done by the heart is the sum of the work done by the left and the right ventricles whose primary purpose to is pump blood into the systemic and pulmonary circulation. W = PAV where: W is the work done by the heart P is the pressure exerted AV is the change in the volume During each heartbeat in the resting condition of a normal human, the left ventricle pumps about 5 liters per minute of blood under an average pressure of 100 mm Hg. The right ventricle pumps the same volume of blood but an average pressure 1/5th that of the left ventricle. a. What is the total average work done by the heart during a single contraction? b. Describe what happens in a diseased heart and compare the work done for each heartbeat to a normal heart.

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Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.