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I especially need the answer to part 4. Thanks!
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- Much of what we know about cell signalling comes from biochemical studies of proteins isolated in test tubes. What is the precise quantitative behaviour of intracellular signalling networks in an intact cell where countless other signals and cellular components can influence the specificity and intensity of signalling?One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding toproteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below: 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins. 3) Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?
- Below is a diagram of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. Numbers 1-7 refer to different molecules involved in the pathway. Numbers 1-7 on the diagram indicate molecules that are involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, but their names have not been given. Identify the missing components and write their names against the numbers 1-7 given below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Signaling molecules interact with cells through specific macromolecular receptors. For each of the four receptors identified below, list all characteristics, by number, which accurately describe that receptor. (a) An adrenergic receptor (b) A steroid receptor (c) The LDL receptor (d) The insulin receptor (1) Located at the cell surface (2) Associated with the protein clathrin (3) Ligand binding stimulates the activity of phospholipase C (4) A transmembrane protein (5) A DNA-binding protein (6) Located in the cell interior (7) Receptor–ligand complex moves to the lysosome (8) Receptor–ligand complex becomes concentrated in the nucleus (9) Receptor activation can inhibit the synthesis of glycogen (10) The hormone–receptor complex activates specific gene transcription (11) Internalization decreases the synthesis of cholesterol esters (12) Action of this receptor diminishes the synthesis and activity of bhydroxy-b-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) (13) This receptor…Nerve-growth factor (NGF) binds to a protein tyrosine kinase receptor. The amount of diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane increases in cells expressing this receptor when treated with NGF. Propose a simple signaling pathway and identify the isoform of any participating enzymes. Would you expect the concentrations of any other common second messengers to increase on NGF treatment?
- EGTA is a chelating agent with high affinity and specificity to Ca2+. By microinjecting a cell with an appropriate EGTA solution, an experimenter can prevent rising cytosolic Ca2+ from rising above 10-7 M. How would EGTA microinjection affect a cell’s response to the ?α-adrenergic and ?β-adenergic pathways?Below is a diagram of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. Numbers 1-7 refer to different molecules involved in the pathway. In addition to the main pathway components depicted above, outline some of the mechanisms that allow Wnt signalling to be ‘fine-tuned’.With the aid of diagrams describe the signalling pathway involving inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate from ligand binding to intracellular effects (65%). In your answer explain how it is synthesised from the membrane phospholipid and, excluding receptor agonists, provide two examples of drugs that modulate activity in the pathway (35%).
- Ion channel-coupled receptors • G-protein-coupled receptors • Enzyme-linked receptors • Briefly describe what a G-protein is (explain by using the words GTPase, GTP and GDT) • Briefly describe how a G-protein-coupled receptor for the signal / information further into • Briefly describe how an enzyme-linked receptor carries the signal / information further into the cell.Describe two roles for polyubiquitinylation in the NF-κB signaling pathwayThe physiological effects of epinephrine should in principle be mimicked by addition of cAMP to the target cells. In practice, addition of cAMP to intact target cells elicits only a minimal physiological response. Why? When the structurally related derivative dibutyryl cAMP (shown below) is added to intact cells, the expected physiological response is readily apparent. Explain the basis for the difference in cellular response to these two substances. Dibutyryl cAMP is widely used in studies of cAMP function.
