4.16 Atomic Broadcast. Assume one producer process and n consumer processes share a buffer. The producer deposits messages into the buffer, consumers fetch them. Every message deposited by the producer has to be fetched by all n con- sumers before the producer can deposit another message into the buffer. (a) Develop a solution for this problem using semaphores for synchronization.
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- Assume the following parameters for Go-Back-N a) N 3 b) Round Trip Time (RTT)10 ms c) Retransmission Timeout period 40 ms d) Segment Size: 1200 bytes. Suppose that Bob sends 7 segments, numbere1 through 7, to Alice using the Go-Back-N mechanism. Suppose that Segment 3 and Segment are lost the first time the segments are sent to Alice, but reach Alice correctly when retransmitted. Apart from the above, there were no other segment losses. What is the average throughput obtained in sending all segments (in bytes/sec)? Draw a diagram to show your work in detail. 2. Assume the following parameters for Selective Repeat: b) Round Trip Time (RTT)10 ms c) Retransmission Timeout period 40 ms d) Segment Size: 1200 bytes Suppose that Bob sends 6 segments, numbered 1 through 6, to Alice using Selective Repeat. Suppose that Segment 3 gets lost the first time Bob sends it to Alice, but reaches Alice correctly when retransmitted Apart from the above, there were no other segment losses. What is the…In this exercise, we consider the execution of a loop in a statically scheduled superscalar processor that has full forwarding. Loop: lw $t3, 0($s1) lw $t4, 0($s2) mul $t1, $t3, $t4 add $s0, $t1, $s0 addi $s1, $s1, -8 addi $s2, $s2, -8 bne $s1, $zero, Loop Unroll this loop so that three iterations of it are done at once and schedule it for a 2-issue pipelined processor. This processor can issue one ALU/branch instruction and one lw/sw instruction each cycle. Assume that the loop always executes a number of iterations that is a multiple of 3. You can use any unused registers when changing the code to eliminate dependencies.4. (a) Suppose the encoding matrix is1−3 − 3 − 40 1 14 3 43Use the encoding matrix above to encode the messageGOOD LUCKUsing 1 for the letter A, 2 for B,….26 for Z and 27 for space.(b) Decode the encoded message(-19, -61, 83, -34, -111, 136, -35, -101, 119,-29,-83,84)using the following decoding matrix10 1 15 − 3 − 1−3 2 13What does the message say?
- 1. In a certain device, the disk rotates at 5000rpm. a) how long does one revolution take? b) what is the average rotational delay of this disk drive 2. Consider a disk dirve with 1000 tracks, numbered 0 to 999. The request queue has the following composition: 300 740 150 940 200 850 145 555 775 695. The current position is 197 and the previous request was served at 100. For each of the following disk scheduling algorithsm, compute the total distance (in tracks) that the disk arm would move. Include the calculation steps in your answers. 2.1 First - In-First-Out (FIFO) 2.2 Shortest - Service-Time - First (SSTF) 2.3 SCAN (no LOOK variation) 2.4 C-SCAN (No C-LOOK variation)CA_6 We study the properties of cache memory, and for reasons of easier design and efficient circuits, we assume that the cache capacity is 2i Bytes, and cache line size is 2j Bytes, with i and j being natural numbers: (a) How many bits should the tag field have? And can the tag field contain 0 bit (i.e., be empty)? Elaborate (b) Repeat the above for the index field. (c) Repeat the above for the byte-offset field. (d) Finally, depict a figure showing a cache line, indicate what fields it possibly has, state the possible sizes of these fields, and explain the uses of these fields.Let's pretend for a moment that we have a byte-addressable computer with fully associative mapping, 16-bit main memory addresses, and 32 blocks of cache memory. The following holds true if each block is 16 bits in size:a) Determine how many bytes the offset field is.Measure the tag field's width and height in pixels (b).
- A computer uses virtual memory, and a new solid-state drive (SSD) as space for paging. Refer to the last ppt file. In the case presented there, the hard disk drive (HDD) required 25 ms to read in a page, and a rate of 1 page fault per 1000 references introduced a 250 slowdown. If the SSD offers a time of only 80 µs, what is the slowdown in performance caused by 1 pf per 1000 references (you are not concerned with dirty vs. clean pages). What is the maximum rate of page faults you can accept if you want no more than a 5% slowdown in execution using virtual memory? Know your metric prefixes and symbols for time: s for seconds, ms for milliseconds, µs for microseconds, ns for nanoseconds.please no chatgpt answer . Consider a demand-paging system with a paging disk that has an average access and transfer time of 20 milliseconds. Addresses are translated through a page table in main memory, with an access time of 1 microsecond per memory access. Thus, each memory reference through the page table takes two accesses. To improve this time, we have added an associative memory that reduces access time to one memory reference, if the page-table entry is in the associative memory. Assume that 80 percent of the accesses are in the associative memory and that, of those remaining, 10 percent (or 2 percent of the total) cause page faults. What is the effective memory access time? Consider the following page reference string: 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6. Assuming demand paging with four frames, Show which pages are resident under the LRU, FIFO, and Optimal replacement algorithms by filling out the following tables. How many page faults would occur…Please write code n C. and use the alphabet Producer – Consumer as a classical problem of synchronization Step 2. Write a program* that solves the producer - consumer problem. You may use the following pseudo code for implementation. *program to write: produce -consumer problem to produce and consume the alphabet. //Shared data: semaphore full, empty, mutex; //pool of n buffers, each can hold one item //mutex provides mutual exclusion to the buffer pool //empty and full count the number of empty and full buffers //Initially: full = 0, empty = n, mutex = 1 //Producer thread do { ... produce next item ... wait(empty); wait(mutex); ... add the item to buffer ... signal(mutex); signal(full); } while (1); //Consumer thread do { wait(full) wait(mutex); ... remove next item from buffer ... signal(mutex); signal(empty); ... consume the item ... } while (1);
- Answer only 3 and 4 Suppose memory has 256KB, OS use low address 20KB, there is one program sequence: (20) • Prog1 request 80KB, prog2 request 16KB, • Prog3 request 140KB • Prog1 finish, Prog3 finish; • Prog4 request 80KB, Prog5 request 120kb • Use first match and best match to deal with this sequence • (from high address when allocated) • (1)Draw allocation state when prog1,2,3 are loaded into memory? • (2)Draw allocation state when prog1, 3 finish? • (3)use these two algorithms to draw the structure of free queue after prog1 , 3 finish(draw the allocation descriptor information,) • (4) Which algorithm is suitable for this sequence ? Describe the allocation process?Suppose the Vole communicates with a printer using the technique of memory-mapped I/O. Suppose also thataddress 0xFF is used to send characters to the printer, and address 0xFE is used to receive information about theprinter’s status. In particular, suppose the least significant bit at the address 0xFE indicates whether the printeris ready to receive another character (with a 0 indicating “not ready” and a 1 indicating “ready”). Starting ataddress 0x00, write a machine language routine that waits until the printer is ready for another character and thensends the character represented by the bit pattern in register 0x5 to the printer.I ONLY NEED 3 AND 4 Suppose memory has 256KB, OS use low address 20KB, there is one program sequence: Prog1 request 80KB, prog2 request 16KB, Prog3 request 140KB Prog1 finish, Prog3 finish; Prog4 request 80KB, Prog5 request 120kb Use first match and best match to deal with this sequence (from high address when allocated) (1)Draw allocation state when prog1,2,3 are loaded into memory? (2)Draw allocation state when prog1, 3 finish? (3)use these two algorithms to draw the structure of free queue after prog1 , 3 finish (4) Which algorithm is suitable for this sequence ? Describe the allocation process?