A 66-year-old man is given a diagnosis today of T2D. Two weeks ago, his A1C was 7.5% and SCr was 1.8 mg/ dL (estimated GFR 25 mL/minute/1.73 m2). He has a history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and systolic heart failure (New York Heart Association class III, ejection fraction 33%). He has 2+ pitting edema bilaterally. In addition to improvements in diet and exercise, which is best to initiate? • A. Linagliptin • B. Pioglitazone. • C. Exenatide. • D. Metformin
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- Mr. McMillan, a 92-year old male, presents to the Emergency Department (ED) with urinary hesitancy and burning and a fever at home of 101.6°F. His caregiver states “he just doesn’t seem like himself”. Upon further assessment, Mr. McMillan is weak, his face is flushed, his skin is warm and dry. He is oriented to person and place, but states the year is 1952. His vital signs were as follows: BP 99/60 mmHg Ht 170.2 cm HR 92 bpm and regular Wt 60 kg RR 28 bpm SpO2 93% on Room Air Temp 38.9°C What do you think is going on with this patient? What diagnostic tests would you consider? Which would you implement first? Why? What nursing actions would you take? Why? What topics would you include in the discharge instructions for this client?Mr. McMillan, a 92-year old male, presents to the Emergency Department (ED) with urinary hesitancy and burning and a fever at home of 101.6°F. His caregiver states “he just doesn’t seem like himself”. Upon further assessment, Mr. McMillan is weak, his face is flushed, his skin is warm and dry. He is oriented to person and place, but states the year is 1952. His vital signs were as follows: BP 99/60 mmHg Ht 170.2 cm HR 92 bpm and regular Wt 60 kg RR 28 bpm SpO2 93% on Room Air Temp 38.9°C Please discuss the following, feel free to also add questions? What do you think is going on with this patient? What diagnostic tests would you consider? Which would you implement first? Why? What nursing actions would you take? Why? What topics would you include in the discharge instructions for this client?A 30-year-old male demonstrated a subtle onset of the following symptoms: dull facial expression; droopy eyelids; puffiness of the face and periorbital swelling; sparse, dry hair; dry, scaly skin; evidence of intellectual impairment; lethargy; a change of personality; bradycardia (60 b/min); a blood pressure of 90/70; anemia (hematocrit 27); enlarged heart (upon radiological exam); constipation, and hypothermia. Serum free T4 0.3 ng/dL (low).Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of peripheral blood indicated elevated TSH levels. A TSH stimulation test, using recombinant human TSH, did not increase the output of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. What endocrine organ is involved here? a. Is this a primary or secondary disorder? What is a primary vs secondary disorder? b. Why? What data is presented that supports your answer? Is a TSH and/or TRH determination necessary for your diagnosis? 3. a. Describe the normal complete feedback loop involved. b. How is it affected in this…
- When preparing an IV solution that contains potassium, the nurse knows that a contraindication to the potassium infusion would be a) diarrhea.b) serum sodium level of 145 mEq/L.c )serum potassium level of 5.6 mEq/L.d) dehydration.A 30-year-old woman arrives at the outpatient department complaining of nausea and vomiting. The patient seems to have jaundice as well. Blood and urine tests are ordered in the laboratory. The following are the results collected from the testing: • Complete Blood Count o Hemoglobin:Normal o WBCcount:Normal • Serum Bilirubin o Total:7.0mg/dL o Conjugated:6.0mg/dL • Serum Enzymes o AlanineTransaminase(ALT):330U/L o AlkalinePhosphatase(ALP):195U/L • Urinalysis o Appearance:Darkbrown o Bilirubin:Positive o Urobilinogen:Decreased ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: 1. Interpret and correlate the patient’s laboratory results. 2. Discuss the possible causes of jaundice in this patient. 3. What part of the bilirubin pathway is severely affected? Explain. 4. What other serum enzyme/s can be used to assess the patient’s condition? Explain.pathophysiology Lisa Smith (LS) is brought to the emergency department [ER] for management of accidental acute poisoning. She is nonresponsive and admitted to the critical care unit [CCU] to be closely monitored. LS has no urinary output, and her laboratory values are serum K+ = 6.7 mEq/L; serum Na+ = 177 mEq/L; arterial blood gases [ABGs]: pH = 7.13, PaCO2 = 35 mmHg, HCO3- = 16 mEq/L, PaO2 = 89 mmHg, and oxygen saturation = 94%. Identify LS’s current acid-base disorder. What is the most likely underlying cause of the acid-base disorder LS is experiencing?
- An 8-month-old infant presents to the emergency department with a 2-day history of diarrhoea and poor fluid intake. On clinical examination, capillary refill time is 3 seconds and you assess the level of dehydration as 10%. Of the following intravenous fluids, the most appropriate for immediate use is:a. 5% dextrose with 0.45% salineb. Normal salinec. Lactated Ringer'sd. 5% dextrose with 0.9% salineBetty Cooper, 25-y/o-female, is admitted to the emergency department with decreasing level of consciousness. She is 98lbs and stands at 5ft. She has a history of diabetes mellitus since she was 9 years of age. A physical assessment and laboratory data reveal the following:➢ Dry skin, poor turgor > Serum glucose = 504mg/dl➢ RR = 40cpm, rapid and deep & labored > Serum Na = 130 mEq/L➢ HR = 118bpm, weak pulse > Serum K = 5 mEq/L➢ Temp = 98°F > Serum Cl = 108 mEq/L ➢ BP = 110/70 mmHg > BUN = 74.68 mg/dL➢ ABG: pH = 7.15; HCO3; 13mEq/L; pCO2 = 35 mEq/L1. Calculate Betty’s serum osmolality. 2. What type of diabetes mellitus does Betty possibly have? Why? 3. Which complication of diabetes mellitus does Xia possibly have, diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state? Why? 4. What is the 1st priority nursing management and medical management? Why?Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus His cardiovascular risk was > 15% http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol. http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs. Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…
- Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. His cardiovascular risk was > 15% http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol. http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs. Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. His cardiovascular risk was > 15% http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol. http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs. Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…Mehmet Yavuz is 62 yo. He presented to the clinic and after having an HbA1c test (result 9%) was diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. His cardiovascular risk was > 15% http://www.cvdcheck.org.au/ His renal health screen showed an eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2 with microalbuminuria of 3.5 mg/mmol. http://www.kidney.org.au/HealthProfessionals/DetectingCKD/tabid/632/Default.aspx He attended a podiatry appointment which detected decreased dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis pulses in both legs. Management of his condition now includes the following: Exercise: at least 150 minutes of aerobic and 60 minutes of resistance exercise each week Diet: a plan worked out with an accredited dietician based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines (2013). Drug use: smoking cessation plan to stop cigarette use; alcohol consumption reduction to 1 - 2 full strength beers every second day Weight loss: Mehmet aims to lose 5 kg over the first 6 - 8 weeks after diagnosis Medications: Jardiamet…