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KVL and KCL
KVL stands for Kirchhoff voltage law. KVL states that the total voltage drops around the loop in any closed electric circuit is equal to the sum of total voltage drop in the same closed loop.
Sign Convention
Science and technology incorporate some ideas and techniques of their own to understand a system skilfully and easily. These techniques are called conventions. For example: Sign conventions of mirrors are used to understand the phenomenon of reflection and refraction in an easier way.
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- The figure shows an electrical circuit with an ideal source ε1 = 12 [V], a real source ε2 = 9 [V] and r1 = 1 [Ω], eight resistors and two capacitors. Switches A and B areThey are originally open and the charge on the capacitors is zero. If at t = 0 [s] switch A opens and switch B closes, determine:d) The potential difference of resistor R8 at t = 2.6 [s].e) The time required for the potential difference of the equivalent capacitor to reach the maximum possible value. Justify your answer.For the capacitor network shown in Figure(Q2a) above (which has reachedsteady state i.e. on for a very long time), calculate:i. The total capacitance, CT , for the entire networkii. The voltage across capacitor C2iii. The total charge stored across capacitor C2iv. The energy stored in capacitor C2A potential difference V(t) = V0sin ωt ismaintained across a parallel-plate capacitor withcapacitance C consisting of two circular parallel plates. Athin wire with resistance R connects the centers of the twoplates, allowing charge to leak between plates while theyare charging.(a) Obtain expressions for the leakage current Ires(t) in thethin wire. Use these results to obtain an expression for thecurrent Ireal(t) in the wires connected to the capacitor.(b) Find the displacement current in the space between theplates from the changing electric field between the plates.(c) Compare Ireal(t) with the sum of the displacementChapter 16 | Electromagnetic Waves 733current Id(t) and resistor current Ires(t) between theplates, and explain why the relationship you observe wouldbe expected.
- A series resistance of 10 ohms and a capacitance of 0.1 F are connected to a 100-V source. The charge is zero at t = 0. (a) Obtain the equation of the charge at any time t. (b) At what time the current be 5 amp?A 150-volt electromotive force is applied to an RC-series circuit in which the resistance is 1500 ohm and the capacitance is 5 micro Farad (uF). If q(0)=0, find the charge and current at t=0.005 s. charge: q = micro Farad (uF) current: i = milli ampere (mA) Determine the charge as t approaches infinity. charge: q= micro Farad (uF)The figure shows an electrical circuit with an ideal source ε1 = 12 [V], a real source ε2 = 9 [V] and r1 = 1 [Ω], eight resistors and two capacitors. Switches A and B areThey are originally open and the charge on the capacitors is zero. If switch A closes (B remains open), determine:a) The currents of the resistors R2 and R5.b) The potential difference between b and c, that is, Vbc. Indicate which point is at the greatest potential.c) The power supplied by the real source ε2.
- Capacitance= 4uF , Hence time constant is 5.33μs For the capacity value, calculate the estimated time to come to the final state.Plot capacitor current and voltage graphs and show if it works in harmony with the time constant you calculated. NOTE: if you want you can use falstad online circuit simulator.Vbatt=25 VC1=90 ?CC2=75 ?CC3=60 ?CR1=160 ΩR2=120 Ωt2=21.6 msect3=27 msecConsider the circuit shown below which shows a battery connected to some resistors and capacitors along with some switches which will be toggled opened or closed at different times. The components are listed above. The capacitances are in microFarads (?F), the resitances are in Ohms (Ω), and the times are in milliseconds (msec). A stopwatch is started at time t1=0 ms. At that time, switch S1 is closed and all other switches are open and the capacitor is allowed to charge up.(a). (i)What is the charge (in uC) on C1 at the time the stopwatch reads t2=21.6 ms?a)3690 b)1520 c)5710 d)2630 e)683 f)1750 (a).(ii)What is the current (in mA) through R1 at t2=21.6 ms?34.9 30.4 114 13.6 73.6 52.4 (b)(i)What is the voltage (in V) across R1 at t2=21.6 ms?8.37 5.58 2.18 11.8 18.2 4.85(ii). What is the voltage (in V) across C1 at t2=21.6 ms?63.2 29.1 40.9 7.57 19.4 16.9(c). (i) What is the energy (in mJ) in C1 at t2=21.6 ms?6.63…Vbatt=25 VC1=90 ?CC2=75 ?CC3=60 ?CR1=160 ΩR2=120 Ωt2=21.6 msect3=27 msecConsider the circuit shown below which shows a battery connected to some resistors and capacitors along with some switches which will be toggled opened or closed at different times. The components are listed above. The capacitances are in microCoulombs (?C), the resitances are in Ohms (Ω), and the times are in milliseconds (msec). A stopwatch is started at time t1=0 ms. At that time, switch S1 is closed and all other switches are open and the capacitor is allowed to charge up.(a). What is the charge (in uC) on C1 at the time the stopwatch reads t2=21.6 ms?Ans: 1750 uC(b). What is the current (in mA) through R1 at t2=21.6 ms?Ans: 34.9 mA(c). What is the voltage (in V) across R1 at t2=21.6 ms?Ans: 5.58 V(d). What is the voltage (in V) across C1 at t2=21.6 ms?Ans: 19.4 V(e). What is the energy (in mJ) in C1 at t2=21.6 ms?Ans: 17.0 mJThen, immediately at time t2=21.6 on the stopwatch, switch S1 is thrown open and…
- In the circuit diagram below, the capacitor C is first fully charged by using a 6.0V battery and the two way switch k. It is then discharged through the resistor R. The figure below shows how the charge Q on the capacitor C changes with time during the discharge. Use the graph to answer the following questions: What is the capacitance of the capacitor? Estimate the initial current through the resistor during the discharging process, hence, calculate the resistance of the resistor and the time constant of the circuit. On the same axes, draw graphs to show how the voltage Vc across the capacitor and VR across the resistor vary with time during the charging. Indicate values where appropriate.What is a Linear Circuit? Simply we can say that the linear circuit is an electric circuit (Links to an external site.) and the parameters of this circuit are resistance, capacitance, inductance and etc are constant. Or we can say the parameters of the circuits are not changed with respect to the voltage and current is called the linear circuit. What is a Non-Linear Circuit? The non-linear circuit is also an electric circuit and the parameters of this circuit differ with respect to the current and the voltage. Or in the electric circuit, the parameters like waveforms, resistance, inductance and etc are not constant is called as Non- linear circuit. Question: Is it possible to apply superposition theorem to nonlinear circuit? If yes, why? and if no, why?capacitor having capacitance of 10uF is connected with 1k ohm resistor in series. The switch of the DC supply of 10 Volts, closes at t = 0. Compute the following a. Draw a circuit diagram for t- and t+ b. Compute the time constant c. Plot the Voltage with respect to time, showing the behavior of capacitor charging(take at least 10 values of time in seconds to draw a graph).