A single connection has the capability to transmit multiple packets between hosts. This inquiry seeks to elucidate the concept of freight processing times. Is there a fixed duration for one delay while the other can be modified?
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A single connection has the capability to transmit multiple packets between hosts. This inquiry seeks to elucidate the concept of freight processing times. Is there a fixed duration for one delay while the other can be modified?
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- It is theoretically feasible for two hosts to communicate with one another by sending packets back and forth over the same connection. Please enumerate all of the components that are responsible for the overall amount of time required to process a single packet, starting to end. Is it to be anticipated that one of the delays will continue for a certain amount of time, while the duration of the other delay will be more unpredictable?Consider a half-duplex point-to-point link using a stop-and-wait scheme, in which a series of messages is sent, with each message segmented into a number of frames. Ignore errors and frame overhead. A. What is the effect on line utilization of increasing the message size so that fewer messages will be required? Other factors remain constant. B. What is the effect on line utilization of increasing the number of frames for a constant message size? C. What is the effect on line utilization of increasing frame size?In a data communication system, several messages that arrive at a node are bundled into a packet before they are transmitted over the network. Assume that the messages arrive at the node according to a Poisson process with rate 30 messages per minute (0.5 per second). Five messages are used to form a packet.What is the mean time until a packet is formed, that is, until five messages arrive at the node?
- In modern packet-switched networks, including the Internet, the source host segments long, application-layer messages (for example, an image or a music file) into smaller packets and sends the packets into the network. The receiver then reassembles the packets back into the original message. We refer to this process as message segmentation. Figure 1.27 illustrates the end-to-end transport of a message with and without message segmentation. Consider a message that is 8. 106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination in Figure 1.27. Suppose each link in the figure is 2 Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays. a. Consider sending the message from source to destination without message segmentation. How long does it take to move the message from the source host to the first packet switch? Keeping in mind that each switch uses store-and-forward packet switching, what is the total time to move the message from source host to destination host? b. Now suppose that…Data collision occurs when multiple senders simultaneously attempt to access the communication medium. Various protocols have been developed to mitigate this issue. These protocols operate at different layers of the network stack. Could you please provide more specific information about the protocols you are interested in? Do these methods ensure reliable gearbox without any possibility of collisions? What alternative solutions are available if this approach proves ineffective?A frame containing http request is sent from Computer (A) [in whichever subnet it is now, make sure to show it in your figure], to the access point it is associated with. Draw the address fields (1, 2, and 3) of the frame travelling from Computer A to AP and the source and destination addresses of the frame travelling from AP to R1. The MAC addresses of AP1, AP2, and AP3 are M1, M2, and M3 respectively, and the Router R1’s MAC address connected to this Switch/AP is MRA. IP address values are already given, and the port addresses could also be used as given. The Router’s MAC address facing WAN side is MRW.
- Discuss the invocation semantics that can be achieved when the request-reply protocol is implemented over a TCP/IP connection, which guarantees that data is delivered in the order sent, without loss or duplication. {Note: Take into account all of the conditions causing a connection to be broken}We observed that (n-1)D is the maximal delay in queuing if the fabric of switching is n times faster than the input line rate. Suppose all packets have the same duration, n packets are sent to n entry ports at the same time, and all n packets are sent to separate exit ports. What is the maximum delay for a memory packet?Assume that there is a shared connection (for example, an Ethernet bus) with a speed of 1 Mbps. How much time (in microseconds) is required to send a frame with a length of 1000 bits over this link?
- (a) Suppose a server S and client C are connected over the Internet. The one-way prop- agation delay from S to C is 50 ms. The maximum throughput between S and C is R = 200 Mbps. A browser on client C makes an HTTP request for a webpage on server S. The base HTML file is of size 500 KB and it references five objects, each of size 5 MB. Find the total response time for the client to receive the entire webpage using nonpersistent HTTP with up to two parallel connections. Assume that when two par- allel connections are active, the throughput for each connection is 40% of the maximum throughput R. (b) Suppose an application running on host ece.gmu.edu needs to resolve the domain name cs.vtech.edu. Draw a diagram (with labels) showing the sequence of queries/responses in a recursive DNS query to find the answer in a scenario where all levels of the DNS hierarchy are involved.In TCP connection, congestion occurs if the load on the network is greater than the capacity of the network. TCP uses the following algorithm to handle congestion. The algorithm is based on the size of the congestion window (cwnd) which starts with one maximum segment size (MSS). The MSS is determined during connection establishment. At each time the whole window of segments is acknowledged (one transmission), the size of the window grows exponentially. To stop this exponential growth, the sender keeps the track of a threshold. The threshold is set to 16 MSS. After reaching the threshold, the size of the congestion window is increased by 1. After how many transmissions the congestion window size will be 22 MSS?A packet switch receives a packet and determines the outbound link to which the packet should be forwarded. When the packet arrives, one other packet is halfway done being transmitted on this outbound link and four other packets are waiting to be transmitted. Packets are transmitted in order of arrival. Suppose all packets are 1,200 bytes and the link rate is 2 Mbps. What is the queuing delay for the packet? More generally, what is the queuing delay when all packets have length L, the transmission rate is R, x bits of the currently-being-transmitted packet have been transmitted, and n packets are already in the queue?
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