A sphere is moving in water with a velocity of 1.6 m/s. Another sphere of twice the diameter is placed in a wind tunnel and tested with air which is 750 times less dense and 60 times less viscous (dynamically) than water. The velocity of air that will model dynamically similar conditions is
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A sphere is moving in water with a velocity of 1.6 m/s. Another sphere of twice the diameter is placed in a wind tunnel and tested with air which is 750 times less dense and 60 times less viscous (dynamically) than water. The velocity of air that will model dynamically similar conditions is
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- 5.13 The torque due to the frictional resistance of the oil film between a rotating shaft and its bearing is found to be dependent on the force F normal to the shaft, the speed of rotation N of the shaft, the dynamic viscosity of the oil, and the shaft diameter D. Establish a correlation among these variables by using dimensional analysis.A small wind turbine is tested in a wind tunnel using the following model parameters: ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 , µ = 1.81x10-5 Ns/m2 , v = 12 m/s, A = 0.03 m2 and Cp is measured as 0.42. Assuming dynamic similarity exists, calculate the power output of a full-size turbine of diameter 60 m operating in air of density 1.3 kg/m3 and viscosity µ = 1.73x10-5 Ns/m2 with wind speeds of 15 m/sWind blows and pasts a banner causes it to flutter. The fluttering frequency f is a function of the wind speed V, the air density ρ, the acceleration of gravity g, the length of the banner L and the “area density” of the flag material ρA (with dimensions of ML-2 ). In order to estimate the flutter frequency of a large banner with L = 40 ft in a V = 30 ft/s wind, a small banner with L = 4 ft is to be tested in a wind tunnel. (a) What is the area density of the small banner when the large banner has area density of 0.006 slugs/ft2? (b) What should the wind tunnel velocity be to test the small model? (c) It has been shown that the small banner flutters at 6 s-1 when the same area density and wind tunnel velocity are used in parts (a) and (b). In this case, what is the fluttering frequency of the large banner?
- Here, a 1:10 scale prototype of a propeller on a ship is to be tested in a water channel. What would the rotating speed of the model be if the rotational speed of the p propeller is 2000 rpm, and if: (a) the Froude number governs the model-prototype similarity(b) Reynolds number governs the similarityThe pressure difference ∆p produced by a water pump, and the power P required to operate it, each depend on the size of the pump, measured by the diameter D of the impeller, the volume flow rate ˙q, the rate of rotation ω, the water density ρ and dynamic viscosity µ. (a) Express the non-dimensional pressure difference and power as separate functions of the other non-dimensional groups. (b) Tests on a model pump are performed at 0.5 × full scale, at a rotation rate that is 2 × the full-scale value. To achieve dynamic similarity in the model test: (i) what would the volume flow rate of the water need to be in the model test compared to the full-scale? (ii) What would the pressure difference be compared to the full scale? (iii) What would the power consumption be relative to the full scale?An airplane builder wants to build a scaled-down model of a real airplane in a 12:1 ratio in order to be able to perform tests in a wind tunnel. The real plane flies at 126 km/h, while the air speed in the tunnel where the model is located is given by V. The performances of the two will be equivalent for a value of V, in m/s, equal to Data: air viscosity η = 1.8 × 10-5 kg/(m.s) air density ρ = 1.3 kg/m3
- Measurements at a certain point of a pipe have been done where the following parameters were recorded: Fluid of density = 887 kg/m3, Fluid velocity = 4 m/s, Pressure= 11.3 KN/m2 If the total energy per unit weight at this point = 32 m, then the potential energy is:A one-fortieth-scale model of a ship’s propeller is tested in atow tank at 1200 r/min and exhibits a power output of 1.4ft . lbf/s. According to Froude scaling laws, what should therevolutions per minute and horsepower output of the prototypepropeller be under dynamically similar conditions?A one-fortieth-scale model of a ship’s propeller is tested in a tow tank at 1250 r/min and exhibits a power output of 1.9 ft·lbf/s. According to Froude scaling laws, what should the revolutions per minute of the prototype propeller be under dynamically similar conditions? According to Froude scaling laws, what should the horsepower output of the prototype propeller be under dynamically similar conditions?
- A one-fourth scale model of a car is to be tested in a wind tunnel. The conditions of the actual car are V = 45 km/h and T = 0°C and the air temperature in the wind tunnel is 20°C. In order to achieve similarity between the model and the prototype, the wind tunnel is run at 180 km/h. The properties of air at 1 atm and 0°C: ? = 1.292 kg/m3, ? = 1.338 × 10−5 m2/s. The properties of air at 1 atm and 20°C: ? = 1.204 kg/m3, ? = 1.516 × 10−5 m2/s. If the average drag force on the model is measured to be 70 N, the drag force on the prototype is (a) 66.5 N (b) 70 N (c) 75.1 N (d ) 80.6 N (e) 90 NVolumetric flow rate, Q, of a pump is a function of impeller diameter d, fluid velocity V, pressure difference DP, fluid density r and viscosity m. a)Determine dimensionless P groups. b)A test is to be performed for a large pump that delivers 1.5 m3 /s of water from 40 cm diameter impeller with pressure rise of 400 kPa. For the test, a model with an 8 cm diameter impeller is to be used. What flow rate should be used and what would be the pressure rise in model pump. Note: The model fluid is water at same temperature as the water in the prototype.A one-fourth scale model of an airplane is to be tested in water. The airplane has a velocity of 700 km/h in air at −50°C. The water temperature in the test section is 10°C. In order to achieve similarity between the model and the prototype, the test is done at a water velocity of 393 km/h. The properties of air at 1 atm and −50°C: ? = 1.582 kg/m3, ? = 1.474 × 10−5 kg/m·s. The properties of water at 1 atm and 10°C: ? = 999.7 kg/m3, ? = 1.307 × 10−3 kg/m·s. If the average drag force on the model is measured to be 13,800 N, the drag force on the prototype is (a) 590 N (b) 862 N (c) 1109 N (d ) 4655 N (e) 3450 N