a. chromosomes strongly bound to kinetochore microtubules, ven when not yet bivalently attached o. chromosomes strongly bound to kinetochore microtubules, ven when bivalently attached c. chromosomes weakly bound to kinetochore microtubules, ven when not yet bivalently attached
Q: Mitotic spindle microtubules connect to ________ during prometaphase. a. kinetochores b.…
A: The cell cycle is defined as a series of events that occur in the cell as it grows and divides. The…
Q: The complex of proteins that holds two chromatids together is called the... Group of answer choices…
A: Cell division is the process of division of cell into daughter cell. The cell division can take…
Q: In an organism with 6 pairs of chromosomes, how many chromosomes and DNA molecules (chromatids) will…
A: A cell cycle or a cycle of cell division is a series of sequential steps involved in the process of…
Q: Which of the following favors the alignment of chromosomes along the equatorial plate? a.)Centromere…
A: A cell can divide either by mitosis or meiosis. Mitotic cell division refers to the process by which…
Q: A. daughter chromosomes B. spindle fibers Structure labeled A in the picture Structure labeled B in…
A: Chromosomes are thread like structures , made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes and are…
Q: 6. Complete the cellular detail for each phase as you observe it in the whitefish cells. Below each…
A: According to our guideline we can answer only the first question. So, I did the question number 6…
Q: When homologous chromosomes cross over, what is the result? a. Two sister chromatids get…
A: In homologous recombination similar regions of chromosomes exchange DNA because of which…
Q: Which statement is true about a person's chromosomes? a) They are arranged in homologous groups of…
A: In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosome in a cell, in which 22 pairs are autosome and 1 pair of…
Q: B. If a gamete of an unknown animal species has 44 chromosomes, how many each of the following…
A: Introduction: For sexual reproduction to create offspring, two gametes must fuse, each with a…
Q: cell contains 8 pairs of chromosomes. At the end of successful cell division each daughter cell…
A: Ans. a) As we seen, parent cell contain 8 pairs of chromosomes that means 16 chromosomes. And the…
Q: Which of the following occurs during metaphase I? A. Homologous chromosomes pack tightly, pair up,…
A: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It carries out various functions in…
Q: A chiasma links a pair of (a) homologous chromosomes at prophase II (b) homologous chromosomes at…
A: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body. The chromosomal theory of…
Q: Chromosomes align at metaphase plate equidistantly from the opposite pole to avoid unequal…
A: Metaphase It is the fourth stage of the division of the cell. It is the stage in which the…
Q: Two genetically identical strands of a metaphase chromosome, joined at thecentromere, are itsa.…
A: Chromosomes are the thread-like structures that are formed by the coiling of the DNA around the…
Q: The kinetochore is a structure that functions toa. connect the centromere to microtubules.b. connect…
A: Chromosomes are filamentous bodies present in the nucleus. They are composed of DNA(…
Q: ompare and contrast the appearance of chromosomes AND the behaviour of chromosomes at analogous…
A: Cell division is the biological process that results in the production of two or more cells from a…
Q: Crossing over is the process wherebya. homologous chromosomes cross over to opposite sides of the…
A: Answer: Introduction: Crossing over means which occurs among the homologous chromosomes to rise…
Q: During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. A.…
A: Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells . During mitosis…
Q: The role of cohesin is toa. make chromosomes more compact.b. allow for the replication of…
A: Condensin and cohesin are two most important multiprotein complexes that help the chromosomes to…
Q: The extended chromatin can not be seen with the microscope and is an active gene Chromatid A O…
A: Gene is the specific sequence of a nucleotide present in the DNA. It encodes a particular protein.
Q: guide DNA B. "staple" that holds DNA copies together C. DNA that is same length and has same…
A: Cell division is a process of a parent cell replicating it chromosomal content and dividing itself…
Q: Long strands of DNA are called _______. a autosomes b genes c chromosomes d…
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule made up of two nucleotide bases that wrap around together…
Q: The primary function of Asters in mitosis is Select one: O a. The production of microfilaments…
A: Chromosomes in the DNA are lined up in the centre of the nucleus during mitosis and meiosis with the…
Q: the kinetochore of a metaphase chromosome is a. The ends of the chromosome that are duplicated by…
A: Kinetochore of a metaphase chromosome :-
Q: The end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is A) two cells, each with half the number of chromosomes…
A: For growth, development, and regular repair, all living cells must divide. The prokaryotes divide by…
Q: What occurs during metaphase phase of mitosis? A. Microtubules can be lengthened by adding…
A: * Mitosis of the cell cycle in which chromosomes are separated into two cells with genetically…
Q: Chromosomes can be counted best at the stage of: A Metaphase B Late anaphase C…
A: Chromosomes are long thread-like structures that carry coded genetic information in the form of DNA.…
Q: Crossing-over occurs between Select one: O A Sister chromatids of the same chromosome. O B. Two…
A: Meiosis It a type of cell cycle where the number of chromosome reduced to their original value.
Q: b. Using a thin line, graph the relative amount of DNA per nucleus using the LEFT Y axis (G1, S and…
A: Mitosis is a process of cell division that results in two daughter cells that are genetically…
Q: Altogether, the time spent in G1, S and G2 is called B. interphase (LT#3) A. cytokinesis C. mitosis…
A: Introduction In our body cells are continuously dividing to replenish the old cells and to form the…
Q: A) Which step (A.B, or C) is necessary to allow metaphase to anaphase transition?.. Mad2 BubR1 APC/C…
A: Chromosome separation occurs at the time of anaphase and is brought about by the dissolving of the…
Q: . Altogether, the time spent in G1, S and G2 is called (LT#3) A. cytokinesis B. interphase C.…
A: The biochemical material that is transferred from the preceding generations to the succeeding…
Q: a. The DNA in the cell is copied resulting in two identical full sets of chromosomes. b. A membrane…
A: Cell division It is a process by which a parent cell divides, when a mother cell divides into two or…
Q: One of the most important proteins associated with DNA that helps to organize it in the nucleus is…
A: In this question, we have to explain one of the most important proteins associated with DNA that…
Q: 3. The cells shown in the diagram are in various stages of mitosis or meiosis. All the cells come…
A: Cell division is either of mitosis or meiosis. In mitosis, the parent cell produces daughter cell…
Q: After mitosis a ___ forms in animal cells, but a ___ forms in plant cells. A. vesicle; vacuole…
A: Mitosis is a crucial part of the cell cycle. It is also called an equational division, in which a…
Q: Match the labeled structures to their proper term. vStructure A A. sister chromatids v Structure B…
A: During replication, two sister chromatids are formed. Sister chromatids get separated during cell…
Q: In mitosis, chromosomes separate by which specific mechanism? A. chromosomes sprout flagella and…
A: The phase in karyokinesis in which chromosome with single chromatid separate and move from the…
Q: Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate during the following stage of cell division Select one: a.…
A: Chromosomes are the basic blueprint of any organism. All the proteins that will be expressed are…
Q: Which types of microtubules are essential for the major events occurring during anaphase B ? A.…
A: During anaphase chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles. Anaphase divide into two phases:…
Q: What is necessary for a chromosome bridge to occur? a. centromeres are necessary b.…
A: Introduction Chromosomes are DNA-carrying structures found in cells' nuclei. The material in which…
Q: If we looked into the nucleus of a normal somatic cell and if we condensed the chromatin, in which…
A: The cell cycle can be described as the life cycle of a cell which involves the various stages of…
Q: interphase chromosomes are __________ while mitotic chromosomes are a. composed of 4 DNA…
A: Interphase is the stage when a cell develops, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares to divide.…
Q: which of the following events occurs during anaphase B in a mitotic cell a. lengthening of the…
A: Anaphase includes two sub phases and are as follows, Anaphase A and Anaphase B. During anaphase A:…
Q: At metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are connected only at what structures? a. chiasmata b.…
A: Meiosis is a type of cell division wherein the daughter cells formed are half the ploidy level as…
Q: What is a main difference between onion root tip (plant cell) mitosis and whitefish blastula (animal…
A: For mitosis experiments in plants, onion root tips are used. The root tip cells are actively…
Q: chromatids. Chromatids that are attached at the centromere are called O a. daughter O b. sister C.…
A: DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a biomolecule composed of nitrogenous bases, phosphorus, and sugar.…
Q: The _____ is the physical location that sister chromatids are held together and where microtubules…
A: The Series of cellular events which occurs in a cell when it grows and divides is called the cell…
Oogenesis
The formation of the ovum (mature female gamete) from undifferentiated germ cells is called oogenesis. This process takes place in the ovaries (female gonads). Oogenesis consists of three stages known as the multiplication phase, growth phase, and maturation phase.
Cell Division
Cell division involves the formation of new daughter cells from the parent cells. It is a part of the cell cycle that takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Cell division is required for three main reasons:
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- Biologists have long been interested in the effects of radiation on cells. In one experiment, researchers examined the effect of radium on mitosis of chick embryo cells growing in culture. A population of experimental cells was examined under the microscope for the number of cells in telophase (as a measure of mitosis occurring) before, during, and after exposure to radium. The results are shown in the Figure. What is the effect of radium exposure on mitosis? Source: R. G. Canti and M. Donaldson. 1926. The effect of radium on mitosis in vitro. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character 100:413419.A researcher studying a line of cancer cells noticed that cellular content of RhoBTB3 and Cyclin E1 increase and decrease through the cell cycle. a. He hypothesizes that RhoBTB3 signaling regulates the production of Cyclin E1 and the entry of the cell into mitosis. Based on the data below, explain why his results do not support this hypothesis. Identify what conclusions are supported by this data. b. Suppose that the researcher can engineer a cell line in which RhoBTB3 expression can be induced by the addition of a drug. Design an experiment using this cell line to test whether RhoBTB3 regulates the production of Cyclin E1. Describe what results he can expect if his hypothesis is correct.Let's say that an experiment resulted in the production of several unattached kinetochores. What effect, if any, would this have on (i) the duration (length) of the mitotic phase, (ii) the timing of cyclin B’s appearance or disappearance, and (iii) the period of time for which MPF is active? Briefly explain your reasoning.
- Explain why we can say that M-phase of the cell-cycle is triggered by a positive feedback loop. a) What would the consequences be if cohesins were working normally but condensins were not? and b) what stage of the cell cycle would this cause problems in? Why is it important for the centrosome to duplicate during G1-G2 (interphase) before M phase? The kinetochores serve as a link between the sister chromatids and the microtubules attached to the mitotic spindle. a) How are microtubules still able to exhibit dynamic instability after they are bound to the sister chromatids and b) why is this important to mitosis? As the name suggests, the Anaphase-promoting-complex (APC), promotes the 4th phase of mitosis by separating the sister chromatids so they can travel to separate poles of the cell, and prevents them from being re-zipped together. Describe how APC does these two things (Hint: one involves M-cyclin and the other involves…Last week when I mutated the SSA1 gene in yeast it made cells grow faster, but made them sensitive to temperature. SSA1 can be said to display what? a. Antagonistic hypertrophy b. Agonistic pleiotropy c. Agonistic hypertrophy d. Antagonistic pleiotropy e. Reductive pleiotropy f. Modular pleiotropyThe cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase pair that is active during the M phase of the cell cycle is a.Cyclin A/CDC2. b.Cyclin B/CDC2. c.Cyclin D/CDK4/6. d.Cyclin E/CDK2. e.Cyclin A/CDK2.
- Explain the concept of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Why do most cancer cells exhibit LOH of one or more genes? How does failure of the spindle assembly checkpoint lead to loss of heterozygosity?A second hit might also occur through loss of heterozygosity (LOH). An example of how LOH may occur by reciprocal crossing over during mitosis is diagrammed in the figure attached. Discuss and interpret this model. Write a brief explanation of (a) what LOH means and (b) how LOH by mitotic reciprocal crossing over can give rise to a cell lineage with functional loss of the wild-type copy of a tumor suppressor gene.You have isolated a strain of mutant yeast cells that divide normally at 25 degrees Celsius but cannot ente4 M phase at 37 degrees Celsius. You found that the gene for M cdk is not mutated. Which of the following temperatures sensitive mutations could be responsible for the.behavior of this strain of yeast? Inactivated of an enzyme that normally degrades m cyclin; Inactivated of a protein that normally triggers the synthesis of m cyclin; Inactivated of a protein kinase that normally Inactivate the cdk; none 2. Which of the following statements about the anaphase promoting complex is false? It promotes the degradation of proteins that activates mitosis; it inhibits m cdk activities; it becomes active at the very beginning of metaphase; it is activated by m cdk 3. During cancer development:.? Cells accumulate mutations in a fixed order which results in increase rate of cell division; the inheritance of mutations caused by dna damage is essential for cancer progression; there is typically…
- Which of the following statements is a lie?Select one: a. If damaged DNA is detected during the cell cycle, negative regulation is responsible in stopping the cell cycle. b. There are four cyclin proteins involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle and they have fluctuating levels. c. To activate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), they must bind to another kinase.A temperature-sensitive mutant yeast strain stops dividing when shifted from 25°C to 37°C. These cells are analyzed at different temperatures by a machine that measures the amount of DNA they contain, and the following graphs are obtained. Cells in G1 phase should have ___ unit(s) amount of DNA. Which of the following would explain the behavior of your mutant? Mark yes or no for each of the following choices. Inability to initiate DNA replication Defect in chromosome condensation Defect in centrosome duplication Defect in cytokinesisA line of mouse cells is grown for many generations in a medium with 15N. Cells in G1 are then switched to a new medium that contains 14N. Draw a pair of homologous chromosomes from these cells at the following stages, showing the two strands of DNA molecules found in the chromosomes. Use different colors to represent strands with 14N and 15N. Q. Cells in anaphase of mitosis, after switching to medium with 14N