a)Describe key developments related to primate evolution associated with the time periods below: Palaeocene: Eocene: Oligocene: Miocene:

Assume that the four living box turtle species on the right in the figure below evolved from their common ancestor on the left without convergence or reversal. Reconstruct their evolutionary relationships and label all seven character transitions. Which evolved first: yellow plastron (bottom shell) or blue chin strap? Carapace spots or no tail? 53

Geologists discovered fossil evidence of mesohippus, an ancestor of the modern horse. Mesohippus lived in North America about 40 million years ago. Mesohippus was about two feet tall, ran on hooves with three toes, and had large, grinding teeth. What statement is BEST supported by the fossil evidence? A) Ancient horses were once carnivores. B) Horses have evolved over the last 40 million years. Horses migrated from South America into North America. D) Modern-day horses share a common ancestor with all mammals.

Which of the following observations best supports the conclusion that two animal species evolved from a common ancestor in recent geological history? A The species are both herbivores. B The species have similar bone structure. C The species live in the same environment. D The species both obtain oxygen from the air. Choose

What is plausible evidence supporting the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs? Please choose the best option. a) Dinosaurs and birds are both predatory.b) Fossilized transitional forms are discovered that possess features of birds and dinosaurs yet are difficult to classify into either group.c) The wing structure of a bird is similar to a dinosaur.d) Bird fossils can be found alongside dinosaur fossils.

Which is NOT an example of a structural homology? Please choose all applicable options. a) All vertebrate embryos form pharyngeal pouches.b) Vertebrate forelimbs generally have the same number and a similar arrangement of bones.c) The same group of embryonic cells forms the adult jaw of a perch and of a dog.d) All organisms share a common genetic code.

Which is/are the most phylogenetically close to humans based on the tree above? I) lizard     II) duck III) both equally close

Which of the following is supported by molecular phylogenetic studies?    a.) Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to humans than to other fish.            b.) Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to other fish than to humans.            c.) Lobe-finned fish are more closely related to other fish than to humans.            d.) All of the answers are correct            e.) Lobe-finned fish are tetrapods.

Which of the following statements is true based on the phylogeny shown in the figure? Mammalia Theria undefined Eutheria Monotremata Metatheria Rodentia Primates Artiodactyla Carnivora Canidae Felidae Felidae are members are the Carnivora clade, but not the Theria clade. Primates are members of the Eutheria and Mammalia clades. Rodents are members of the Eutheria and Carnivora clades. Monotremata are members of the Eutheria and Mammalia clades.

1. We typically use molecular data (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences) to determine the phylogenetic relationships between different organisms. We then map onto that phylogeny the traits that the terminal taxa have and infer WHEN those traits arose. The table gives data for the presence (1) or absence (0) of traits found in primates. Traits Tarsier New World monkeys Old World monkeys 98 Gibbons Orangutans Great apes Anthropoids Late Cretaceous Apes 65 56 Paleocene Eocene Oligocene a. List the character states for the terminal nodes of the tree. Then MARK where on the tree those traits most likely arose. Opposable to es 1 1 34 1 1 1 1 Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans African apes and humans Miocene Opposable thumb Prehensile tail Appendix 0 0 0 1 1 1 5.3 2.6 0 1 1 1 1 1 LPleistocene -Pliocene 0 1 1 0 0 0 b. What are you assuming when you infer the node when the trait evolved?