Alice reads another paper which seeks to elucidate the interaction of GLUT1, LAT1 and the movement of water. In the paper, the authors set up artificial cells which mimic the endothelial cells
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Alice reads another paper which seeks to elucidate the interaction of GLUT1, LAT1 and the movement of water. In the paper, the authors set up artificial cells which mimic the endothelial cells. Embedded in the artificial cell membrane is a deformed GLUT1 protein which does not work, a normal LAT1 protein and aquaporins. The artificial cell is submerged in a beaker of water which contains 10 picomole of phenylalanine. After several minutes where will water move?
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a) Water will move out of the artificial cell. |
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b) Most of the water will move out of artificial cell. A little will move in. |
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c) Water will move into the artificial cell. |
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d) Most of the water will move into the artificial cell. A little will move out. |
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- Describe ONE modification that could happen to the phospholipids in a membrane that would increase the permeability of the membrane to small non-polar molecules such as oxygen gas. Explain why this modification would increase membrane permeability.The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of _____ and are _____? a. phosphate groups; hydrophobic b. fatty acid groups; hydrophilic c. phosphate groups; hydrophilic d. fatty acid groups; hydrophobicUsing the answer code on the right, indicate which membrane component is responsible for the function in question: 1. channel formation____________________________________ (a) lipid bilayer 2. barrier to passage of water- __________________ (b) proteins soluble substances ____________________________________ (c) carbohydrates 3. receptor sites 4. membrane fluidity 5. recognition of self 6. membrane-bound enzymes 7. structural boundary 8. carriers
- Which of the following is true about motion of membrane lipids? A. They can move most rapidly when in the gel phase. B. Lateral diffusion is catalyzed by flippase proteins. C. To increase the fluidity of membranes at low temperatures, cells synthesize more saturated fatty acids and fewer unsaturated fatty acids. D. Transbilayer diffusion involves the transfer of lipids from one face of the bilayer to another.What is the significance of knowing the reason why the same protein system moves both sodium and potassium ions into and out of the cell?When the proteins of human gut epithelial cells adhere to each other so tightly that digestive enzymes from the intestinal lumen cannot pass between the cells, these proteins are exhibiting: unrestricted movement, similar to membrane phospholipids (like phosphatidylcholine) restricted movement, based on confinement by diffusion barriers (like tight junctions) restricted movement, based on tethering to extracellular molecules (like collagen) restricted movement, based on attachment to other cells (by proteins like keratin) restricted movement, based on anchoring to intracellular proteins (like spectrin)
- A phospholipid bilayer with equal amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids displays a specific permeability to glucose. What effect will increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the bilayer have on the membrane's permeability to glucose?In squirrels and chipmunks, as in humans, cholesterol is removed from the circulation, first by complexing with Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Next, the cholesterol-LDL complex is bound to LDL receptors found predominantly on the surface of liver cells, which then undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus removing the LDL-cholesterol from the blood serum. Inside the cells, a drop in pH causes the LDLs to separate from their receptors, and the receptors are ultimately returned to the cell surface via exocytosis. You are surprised to discover that in both squirrels and chipmunks, certain individuals are predisposed to suffering heart attacks at an early age, and these early heart attacks are linked to the presence of a mutation in the gene that codes for their LDL receptors. This is where the similarity ends. Word has spread about your groundbreaking work with the hypercholesterolemic squirrels and chipmunks, and you receive a call one night from an RA in Eigenmann. Evidently, two…In squirrels and chipmunks, as in humans, cholesterol is removed from the circulation, first by complexing with Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Next, the cholesterol-LDL complex is bound to LDL receptors found predominantly on the surface of liver cells, which then undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus removing the LDL-cholesterol from the blood serum. Inside the cells, a drop in pH causes the LDLs to separate from their receptors, and the receptors are ultimately returned to the cell surface via exocytosis. You are surprised to discover that in both squirrels and chipmunks, certain individuals are predisposed to suffering heart attacks at an early age, and these early heart attacks are linked to the presence of a mutation in the gene that codes for their LDL receptors. This is where the similarity ends. Closer examination of the chipmunks suffering from elevated serum cholesterol levels reveals that many individuals that are homozygous for the Fa allele also have large,…
- In squirrels and chipmunks, as in humans, cholesterol is removed from the circulation, first by complexing with Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Next, the cholesterol-LDL complex is bound to LDL receptors found predominantly on the surface of liver cells, which then undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus removing the LDL-cholesterol from the blood serum. Inside the cells, a drop in pH causes the LDLs to separate from their receptors, and the receptors are ultimately returned to the cell surface via exocytosis. You are surprised to discover that in both squirrels and chipmunks, certain individuals are predisposed to suffering heart attacks at an early age, and these early heart attacks are linked to the presence of a mutation in the gene that codes for their LDL receptors. This is where the similarity ends. Some of the homozygous chipmunks have only the elevated LDL cholesterol levels and the defective receptors, others have elevated LDL-cholesterol, defective receptors, and…In squirrels and chipmunks, as in humans, cholesterol is removed from the circulation, first by complexing with Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Next, the cholesterol-LDL complex is bound to LDL receptors found predominantly on the surface of liver cells, which then undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis, thus removing the LDL-cholesterol from the blood serum. Inside the cells, a drop in pH causes the LDLs to separate from their receptors, and the receptors are ultimately returned to the cell surface via exocytosis. You are surprised to discover that in both squirrels and chipmunks, certain individuals are predisposed to suffering heart attacks at an early age, and these early heart attacks are linked to the presence of a mutation in the gene that codes for their LDL receptors. This is where the similarity ends. You notice that one unique squirrel, which you have nicknamed “Tubby”, appears to be able to eat vast quantities of French fries, yet he seems incredibly healthy.…Describe a negative feedback mechanism for controlling a rising cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in cells that require rapid changes in Ca2+ concentration for normal functioning. How would a drug that inhibits calmodulin activity affect cytosolic Ca2+ concentration regulation by this mechanism? What would be the effect on the function of, for example, a skeletal muscle cell?
