All the B - adrenergic receptors are linked with Gs G-protein. Physiological processes mediated by the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP include: YOU CAN CHOOSE MORE THAN ONE A.carbohydrate breakdown by the liver (glycogenolysis) B.increased contractility (e.g. increased cardiac contractility) C.smooth muscle relaxation (e.g. bronchodilation or vasodilation) D.Triglyceride breakdown (lipolysis)
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All the B - adrenergic receptors are linked with Gs G-protein. Physiological processes mediated by the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP include:
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- In relation to Cushing’s Syndrome, a method that some scientists have used to treat the disease is to use small molecules that bind to, but do not activate, MC2R. This type of molecule is considered an antagonist. How can an antagonist bind to the same receptor as ACTH but not activate it ? a. The antagonist binds covalently while ACTH binds non covalently b. The antagonist is only partially complimentary to the binding pocket of MC2R c. The antagonist binds to ACTH and blocks it from binding to the receptor properly d. The antagonist is the exact same structure as ACTH but since it is synthetic it doesn’t workIn a cell line derived from normal rat thyroid, stimulation of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor increases both IP3 formation and release of arachidonic acid (AA). IP3 elevates cytosolic Ca, which mediates thyroxine efflux, whereas AA serves as a source of prostaglandin E2, which stimulates DNA synthesis. It is not clear how AA release is connected to the adrenergic receptor. AA could arise by cleavage from the DAG that accompanies IP3 production. Alternatively, AA could arise through an independent effect of the receptor on PLA2, which can directly release AA from intact phosphoglycerides. Consider the following experimental observations: a) Addition of noradrenaline to cell cultures stimulates production of both IP3 and AA. b) If the alpha1-adrenergic receptors are made unresponsive to noradrenaline by treatment with phorbol esters (which act through PKC to cause phosphorylation, and inactivation, of the receptor), addition of noradrenaline causes no increase in IP3 or AA. c) When…Dopamine, epinephrine (or norepinephrine) and histamine are important neurotransmitter agonists. When these ligands interact with their cellular receptors, how do they mainly elicit their responses? Choose the correct answer(s) and explain why. a) Activate adenylyl cyclase directly, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels b) Activate phospholipase C c)Induce or inhibit synthesis of ligand specific intracellular proteins d) Open or close ligand gated ion channels e) Regulate intracellular second messengers through G-protein-coupled receptors
- Which of these statements about catecholamines is false? a.They include norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. b.Their effects are increased by action of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase. c.They are inactivated by monoamine oxidase. d.They are inactivated by reuptake into the presynaptic axon. e.They may stimulate the production of cyclic AMP in the postsynaptic axon.The following compounds exhibit little to no adrenergic receptor function. Consider what components of adrenaline and noradrenaline are necessary for their action as agonists in light of this knowledge. Explain your response. Assume that the pH of the body is 7.Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a release of epinephrine. Some of this circulating epinephrine binds to a G-alpha-s coupled receptor (GPCR) on the surface of muscle cells. Which of the following would occur in the muscle cell as a result of this activation? Nitric oxide synthesis would increase. cyclic AMP (cAMP) activity would increase. Phospholipase C (PLC) would hydrolyze (cut) the molecule PIP2. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. The levels of adenylate cyclase activity would decrease. Which ligand is CORRECTLY matched with its characteristic? Group of answer choices Glucagon: stimulates the activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway Nitric oxide (NO): must bind to its target protien withn a few seconds because NO degrades rapidly Steroid hormone: produces a response in its target cells within seconds Acetylcholine: hydrophobic molecule that binds to…
- The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons in response to a nerve impulse and diffuses across the È synaptic cleft, or neuromuscular junction, to a receptor on another neuron or a muscle cell. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentamer containing four types of subunits, azßys. Place the events in the correct order, from the release of acetylcholine from a neuron to receptor resensitization: -excited presynaptic neuron releases acetylcholine -acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft or neuromuscular junction -acetylcholine is released from the binding sites -two acetylcholine bind to a receptor; the gate opens -small cations pass through the open pore of the receptor -the plasma membrane of the target cell is depolarized -two acetylcholine are tightly bound to a receptor; the gate is closed -one acetylcholine binds to a receptor; the gate is closed.Epinephrine binds to a set of adrenergic receptors found on a variety of cell types. Which of the following would NOT be an expected outcome of this binding?The neuotransmitter acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons in response to a nerve impulse and diffuses across the synaptic cleft or neuromuscular junction to a receptor on another neuron or a muscle cell. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentamer containing four types of subunits, α2βγδ. Place the following in the correct order, from the release of acetylcholine from a neuron to receptor resensitization.
- The phosphodiesterase that catalyzes hydrolysis of cyclic AMP is inhibited by caffeine. What overall effect would caffeine have on a signal that is mediated by cAMP?Design a novel drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.Name a drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.