Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. "Let it be admitted at the outset that European brains, capital, and energy have... not been, and never will be, expended in developing the resources of Africa from motives of pure philanthropy; that Europe is in Africa for the mutual benefit of her own industrial classes, and of the native races in their progress to a higher plane; that the benefit can be made reciprocal, and that it is the aim and desire of civilized administration to fulfill this dual mandate. By railways and roads, by reclamation of swamps and irrigation of deserts, and by a system of fair trade and competition, we have added to the prosperity and wealth of these lands, and have checked famine and disease. We have put an end to the awful misery of the slave trade and inter-tribal war, to human sacrifice and the ordeals of the witch-doctor. Where these things survive they are severely suppressed. We are endeavoring to teach the native races to conduct their own affairs with justice and humanity, and to educate them alike in letters and in industry." Lord Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, 1922 Lord Lugard claims that Europeans strive to "fulfill this dual mandate." Which of the choices best describes the elements of this "dual mandate?" 1. European efforts in Africa are based on pure philanthropy and Christian ideals. 2. Local customs and traditions need to be strongly considered as Europeans enter African lands. 3. Both Europeans and Africans can greatly benefit from the European involvement in Africa. 4. African knowledge and expertise will serve to enrich European culture and wealth.

Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. "Let it be admitted at the outset that European brains, capital, and energy have... not been, and never will be, expended in developing the resources of Africa from motives of pure philanthropy; that Europe is in Africa for the mutual benefit of her own industrial classes, and of the native races in their progress to a higher plane; that the benefit can be made reciprocal, and that it is the aim and desire of civilized administration to fulfill this dual mandate. By railways and roads, by reclamation of swamps and irrigation of deserts, and by a system of fair trade and competition, we have added to the prosperity and wealth of these lands, and have checked famine and disease. We have put an end to the awful misery of the slave trade and inter-tribal war, to human sacrifice and the ordeals of the witch-doctor. Where these things survive they are severely suppressed. We are endeavoring to teach the native races to conduct their own affairs with justice and humanity, and to educate them alike in letters and in industry." Lord Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa, 1922 Lord Lugard claims that Europeans strive to "fulfill this dual mandate." Which of the choices best describes the elements of this "dual mandate?" 1. European efforts in Africa are based on pure philanthropy and Christian ideals. 2. Local customs and traditions need to be strongly considered as Europeans enter African lands. 3. Both Europeans and Africans can greatly benefit from the European involvement in Africa. 4. African knowledge and expertise will serve to enrich European culture and wealth.