Between your evening meal and breakfast, your blood glucose drops and your liver becomes a net producer rather than aconsumer of glucose.Which statements describe the hormone-stimulated process that triggers glucose production by the liver?The increase in (CAMP] causes protein kinase A to phosphorylate pyruvate kinase, thus inhibiting glycolysis in muscletissue to promote gluconeogenesis in the liver.The decrease in [fructose 2,6-bisphosphate] stimulates FBPase-1, the key enzyme in gluconeogenesis.Epinephrine stimulates an enzyme cascade involving hepatic protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylase b kinase,which eventually leads to glycogen breakdown in the liver.O The rapid decrease in blood glucose levels triggers glucagon release by the pancreas.Glucagon stimulates CAMP-dependent phosphorylation of PFK-2/FBPase-2, which decreases[fructose 2,6-bisphosphate].The decrease in [fructose 2,6-bisphosphate] stimulates PFK-1, the key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP in the last step ofglycolysis, forming pyruvate in the process. Vertebrates have several isozymes of pyruvate kinase, which can beallosterically inhibited by compounds including ATP and acetyl-CoA. What is an effect of CAMP-dependent protein kinase(PKA) inactivation of the liver isozyme but not the muscle isozyme?Glycogen synthesis is promoted in the liver as an energy store.O Glycolysis is inhibited in the liver, but not muscle, when blood sugar is low.Under stress (fight-or-flight) conditions, the liver can use glycolysis to break down glucose.Phosphate from the dephosphorylation of the liver isozyme is used to generate ATP and provide energy for movement.

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Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter19: The Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13UC

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Based on your understanding of the binding of insulin, select all of the following events that you would expect to occur in muscle cells due to insulin binding to receptors.Group of answer choices a. Glycogen synthesis is activated b. PFK is stabilized in the R-state and glycolysis is activated c. GLUT4 (transporters) are increased in concentration at the plasma membrane d. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate increased levels aid in stabilization of the T-state fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase e. Gluconeogenesis is activated in response to elevated fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels f. Phosphorylation cascades allow for covalent modifications that would aid in the breakdown of glycogen to allow for increased levels of glucose 6-phosphate in the cell g. Hexokinase is inhibited so glucose will not be brought into the cell in high amounts h. Glycogen breakdown pathway is inactivated
According to glycogen metabolism, which of the following statementsis/are not true? I. Insulin results in dephosphorylation and subsequentactivation ofglycogen synthase. II. cAMP is a second messenger that triggers an increase in glycogensynthesis. III. Release of epinephrine leads to increased glycogen breakdown. IV. Glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown. V. Glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric inhibitor of.phosphorylase A) I and VB) III and VC) II onlyD) III and IVE) V only
Consider fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) when responding to Parts A, B, and C. When writing your response, please put A, B, or C in front of the answer for each part. NOTE: Each part can be answered in 3-4 sentences.A. State the effect (inhibition OR activation) of insulin signaling on the activity of FBP. Explain why this effect makes sense and make sure you identify the pathway where FBP participates.B. In a type 2 diabetic liver cell, when the blood sugar level is high, will the activity of FBP be HIGHER, LOWER, or THE SAME AS the activity in a nondiabetic liver cell under the same conditions? Explain your reasoning.C. Now think about the insulin and glucagon signaling pathways that control activity of FBP. When a nondiabetic liver cell is exposed to low blood sugar, indicate one specific way the insulin or glucagon signaling pathway could be disrupted so that the activity of FBP is not controlled correctly. Then, explain the reasoning for your answer.
Under conditions of stress, the hormone glucagon is synthesized and secreted from the α-cells of the pancreas. Please describe how glucagon can regulate the activity of glycogen phosphorylase and explain how this affects energy expenditure in human body
Glycogen synthase in the liver is a target for phosphorylation by two protein kinases. What are these two protein kinases and how are they independently regulated by glucagon and insulin to regulate glycogen biosynthesis?
In some forms of diabetes, a mutation in the b subunit of the insulin receptor abolishes the enzymatic activity of that subunit. How does the mutation affect the cell’s response to insulin? Can additional insulin (e.g., from injections) overcome the defect?
Describe two features of insulin signaling that affect glucose utilization. Aβ-adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptorkinase and arrestin because phosphorylation by the kinase desensitizes thereceptor. How might signaling by a tyrosine receptor kinase, such as theinsulin receptor, be modulated?
Write a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements.(a) In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although you might expect glucagon to stimulate catabolism of the glucose formed as well, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver.(b) An individual with a glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency suffers fromchronic hypoglycemia.(c) The action of phosphorylase kinase simultaneously activates glycogenbreakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis.(d) The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues.
Which of the following is the primary process by which insulin stimulates glucose transport into adipose tissue cells?A) Activating Na+-K+ ATPaseB) Increasing synthesis of the glucose transporterC) Phosphorylating glucose to maintain the gradient of free glucose across the cellD) Promoting movement of the glucose transporter from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane
In order to help Mike understand, explain how the rate of insulin release differs after consumption of simple andcomplex carbohydrates. You may choose to answer with words or a labeled diagram Now use your table to explain to Mike why elevated insulin levels are associated with heart disease.
Several hormones may activate the same G protein. Therefore,different hormones may have the same effect. For example,glycogen degradation is initiated by both epinephrine and glucagon. Why is overlap of function an advantage?
Several hormones may activate the same G protein. Therefore, different hormones may have the same or a similar effect. For example, glycogen degradation is initiated by both epinephrine and glucagon. Why is overlap of function an advantage?

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