cg. 2. Let a, b, c, f, and g be elements of a commutative ring R with a‡OR. Prove that if a divide both b and c, then a divides bf + (Note that in a commutative ring R where s and t are elements in R, then s divides t if there is an element b R such that t=s*b AND S0R.) Proof/
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- a. For a fixed element a of a commutative ring R, prove that the set I={ar|rR} is an ideal of R. (Hint: Compare this with Example 4, and note that the element a itself may not be in this set I.) b. Give an example of a commutative ring R and an element aR such that a(a)={ar|rR}.An element in a ring is idempotent if . Prove that a division ring must contain exactly two idempotent e elements.22. Let be a ring with finite number of elements. Show that the characteristic of divides .
- 46. Let be a set of elements containing the unity, that satisfy all of the conditions in Definition a, except condition: Addition is commutative. Prove that condition must also hold. Definition a Definition of a Ring Suppose is a set in which a relation of equality, denoted by , and operations of addition and multiplication, denoted by and , respectively, are defined. Then is a ring (with respect to these operations) if the following conditions are satisfied: 1. is closed under addition: and imply . 2. Addition in is associative: for all in. 3. contains an additive identity: for all . 4. contains an additive inverse: For in, there exists in such that . 5. Addition in is commutative: for all in . 6. is closed under multiplication: and imply . 7. Multiplication in is associative: for all in. 8. Two distributive laws hold in: and for all in . The notation will be used interchageably with to indicate multiplication.21. Prove that if a ring has a finite number of elements, then the characteristic of is a positive integer.a. If R is a commutative ring with unity, show that the characteristic of R[ x ] is the same as the characteristic of R. b. State the characteristic of Zn[ x ]. c. State the characteristic of Z[ x ].
- Let R be a commutative ring with characteristic 2. Show that each of the following is true for all x,yR a. (x+y)2=x2+y2 b. (x+y)4=x4+y415. Prove that if is an ideal in a commutative ring with unity, then is an ideal in .33. An element of a ring is called nilpotent if for some positive integer . Show that the set of all nilpotent elements in a commutative ring forms an ideal of . (This ideal is called the radical of .)
- Let R be a commutative ring with unity whose only ideals are {0} and R Prove that R is a field.(Hint: See Exercise 30.)A Boolean ring is a ring in which all elements x satisfy x2=x. Prove that every Boolean ring has characteristic 2.32. a. Let be an ideal of the commutative ring and . Prove that the setis an ideal of containing . b. If and show that .