ches successive pairs of numbers starting at the bottom of the stack. For example, if the stack initially stores these values: bottom [3, 8, 17, 9, 1, 10] top Your function should switch the first pair (3, 8), the second pair (17, 9), ...: bottom [8, 3, 9, 17, 10, 1] top if there are an odd number of values in the stack, the value at the top of the stack is not moved: For example: bottom [3, 8, 17, 9, 1] top It would again switch pairs of values, but the value at the top of the stack (1) would not be moved bottom [8, 3, 9, 17, 1] top Note: There are 2 solutions:
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Given a stack, switch_pairs function takes a stack as a parameter and that
switches successive pairs of numbers starting at the bottom of the stack.
For example, if the stack initially stores these values:
bottom [3, 8, 17, 9, 1, 10] top
Your function should switch the first pair (3, 8),
the second pair (17, 9), ...:
bottom [8, 3, 9, 17, 10, 1] top
if there are an odd number of values in the stack, the value at the top of the
stack is not moved: For example:
bottom [3, 8, 17, 9, 1] top
It would again switch pairs of values, but the value at the
top of the stack (1)
would not be moved
bottom [8, 3, 9, 17, 1] top
Note: There are 2 solutions:
first_switch_pairs: it uses a single stack as auxiliary storage
second_switch_pairs: it uses a single queue as auxiliary storage
""".
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- A SpecialStackTM is a stack modified to support the following two operations: PUSHCLEAR(v) successively pops consecutive items from the top of the stack that are less than u, then pushes v onto the stack. POP() deletes the item at the top of the stack. Assume these operations are implemented using a singly-linked list. PUSHCLEAR(v) iter- ates through the linked list to pop the applicable items and then adds v to the beginning. POP() deletes the first item. (a) Describe the ordering of values on the stack. (b) Explain how a single call to PUSHCLEAR(V) could take (n) time. (c) If we assume that every operation takes linear time, we get a naive bound of O(n²) on the total runtime. But this doesn't consider the fact that these expensive operations happen infrequently so let's analyze it more closely. Show that any sequence of n operations takes O(n) time. -A string may use more than one type of delimiter to bracket information into blocks. For example, a string may use braces { }, parentheses ( ), and brackets [ ] as delimiters. A string is properly delimited if each right delimiter is matched with a preceding left delimiter of the same type in such a way that either the resulting blocks of information are disjoint, or one of them is completely nested within the other. Write a program that uses a single stack to check whether a string containing braces, parentheses, and brackets is properly delimited.Use input file string.txt as input to test your program.Each line in the input file is a string. If the string is properly delimited, display a message stating so. If it is not properly delimited, display a message stating so.For example, if the input file contains the following 3 lines of strings:if (a[i] > b[i])while (c[index] < 0) { a++; b--; c[index++];}for ({int i = 0; num[i }];would display the following output: Processing…Solve the code much needed. Given a stack, a function is_consecutive takes a stack as a parameter and thatreturns whether or not the stack contains a sequence of consecutive integersstarting from the bottom of the stack (returning true if it does, returningfalse if it does not). For example:bottom [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] topThen the call of is_consecutive(s) should return true.bottom [3, 4, 6, 7] topThen the call of is_consecutive(s) should return false.bottom [3, 2, 1] topThe function should return false due to reverse order. Note: There are 2 solutions:first_is_consecutive: it uses a single stack as auxiliary storagesecond_is_consecutive: it uses a single queue as auxiliary storage"""import collections def first_is_consecutive(stack): storage_stack = [] for i in range(len(stack)): first_value = stack.pop() if len(stack) == 0: # Case odd number of values in stack return True second_value = stack.pop() if first_value - second_value != 1: # Not…
- Implementing a Stack ADT using a linked solution. The implementations are linked Nodes. class Node: def __init__(self, data, node=None): # Initialize this node, insert data, and set the next node if any self.data = data self.chain = node class SubSetStack: def __init__(self, data=None): # Initialize this stack, and store data if it exists def push(self, data): # Add data to the beginning of the stack def pop(self): # Remove the element at the beginning of the stack. # Return the data in the element at the beginning of the stack, or None if the stack is empty def top(self): # Return the data in the element at the beginning but does not remove it. # Return None if stack is empty. def __len__(self): # Return the number of elements in the stack def subset_sum(target, sub_list): # Returns True if Target can be formed from sub_list repeated # some arbitrary number of times. In the above function a Node…In C programming language please Write a program that uses a stack to check if a given string is a palindrome or not. A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or other sequence of characters that reads the same backward as forward. Your program should use a stack to reverse the characters of the given string, and then compare the reversed string with the original string to determine if it is a palindrome or not. Here are some additional requirements for your program: Your program should prompt the user to enter a string and read it from the standard input. Your program should define a stack data structure with push() and pop() functions to store and retrieve characters. Your program should use the stack to reverse the characters of the input string and store the reversed string in a separate variable. Your program should then compare the reversed string with the original string to determine if it is a palindrome. Your program should output whether or not the input string is a…Write a structure to represent a Node in a singly linked-list-based stack similar to the onediscussed in class. Your stack will store integer values. Your program will read a series of integers(until the user enters a non-integer) and store them in a stack, then print them in the reverse order;You will write three functions to assist with this task: push, printStack, and deleteStack.The function push takes a number and a Node and adds the number to the head (top) of thestack by creating a new Node (using malloc) and returning a pointer to this Node. This new nodeis now the top of your stack.The function printStack will need to iterate through your stack and print each one (5 spacesper number, left-aligned), with a new line following the nal number. You will need a pointer thatyou update to the next Node each time you print one. Since you add new items to the top of thestack, the newest elements will be printed rst, giving the reverse-order behavior requested.The function deleteStack…
- A CapnStackSparrow is an extended stack that supports four main operations: the standard Stack operations push(x) and pop() and the following non-standard operations:• max(): returns the maximum value stored on the Stack.• ksum(k): returns the sum of the top k elements on the Stack.The zip file gives an implementation SlowSparrow that implements these operations so that push(x) and pop() each run in ?(1) time, but max() and ksum(k) run in ?(?) time. For this question, you should complete the implementation of FastSparrow that implements all four operations in ?(1) (amortized) time per operation. As part of your implementation, you may use any of the classes in the Java Collections Framework and you may use any of the source code provided with the Java version of the textbook. Don't forget to also implement the size() and iterator() methods. Think carefully about your solution before you start coding. Here are two hints:1. don't use any kind of SortedSet or SortedMap, these all require…The Nth Fibonacci number is defined as the sum of the two previous Fibonacci numbers where the 0th and 1st Fibonacci numbers are defined as 1. What is the maximum size of the stack when this function is called with the argument 5? What is the maximum size of stack when the function is called with n when n >= 4 (expression in term of n) int Fibonacci( int n ) { return (n <= 1) ? 1 : Fibonacci( n - 1 ) + Fibonacci( n - 2 ); }Create a stack S of ten elements. Take a number x from the user and delete the elements smaller than or equal to X from the stack.Example: Suppose your initial stack is S where you pushed 10 elements as below- Top {9, 3, 4, 15, 20, 1, 6, 4, 9, 10} Bottom4. X is taken as input and X= 6. Then pop out and remove the elements smaller than or equal to X. Finally, the stack will look like-Top {9, 15, 20, 9, 10} BottomYou can use only one additional queue to solve this problem.In c++ please
- Create a stack S of ten elements. Take a number x from the user and delete the elements smaller than or equal to X from the stack. Example: Suppose your initial stack is S where you pushed 10 elements as below- Top {9, 3, 4, 15, 20, 1, 6, 4, 9, 10} Bottom X is taken as input and X= 6. Then pop out and remove the elements greater than or equal to X. Finally, the stack will look like- Top {3, 4, 1, 4} Bottom In c++ PleaseThere is a data structure called a drop-out stack that behaveslike a stack in every respect except that if the stack size is n,then when the n+1 element is pushed, the first element is lost.Implement a drop-out stack using linksCode in C One of the applications of a stack is to backtrack - that is, to retrace its steps. As an example, imagine we want to read a list of items, and each time we read a negative number we must backtrack and print the five numbers that come before the negative number and then discard the negative number. Use a stack to solve this problem. Use a stack and push them into the stack (without printing them) until a negative number is read. At this time, stop reading and pop five items from the stack and print them. If there are fewer than five items in the stack, print an error message and stop the program. After printing the five items, resume reading data and placing them in the stack. When the end of the file is detected, print the message and the items remaining in the stack. Sample Output 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -1 7 6 5 4 3 9 6 4 3 -2 3 4 6 9 2 -3 Number of items left is less than five! Program is terminating! Project name : Backtrack Filenames: backtrack.h, backtrack.c,…