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Financial Ratios
A Ratio refers to a figure calculated as a reference to the relationship of two or more numbers and can be expressed as a fraction, proportion, percentage, or the number of times. When the number is determined by taking two accounting numbers derived from the financial statements, it is termed as the accounting ratio.
Return on Equity
The Return on Equity (RoE) is a measure of the profitability of a business concerning the funds by its stockholders/shareholders. ROE is a metric used generally to determine how well the company utilizes its funds provided by the equity shareholders.
a) Consider two firms L (Levered) & U (Unlevered) which are identical in all respect except for the capital structure. Both firms have EBIT of sh.900,000 ,a
Required:
i) Using the Net income approach, compute the values of the two firms and WACC
ii) Determine whether any of the two firms is overvalued giving an opportunity to make arbitrage profit
iii) When would the arbitrage process cease?
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- a) Consider two firms L (Levered) & U (Unlevered) which are identical in all respect except for the capital structure. Both firms have EBIT of sh.900,000 ,a cost of equity of 10% and no corporate taxes. Firm L is partially using sh.4,000,000 of 7.5% interest debt while firm U is all equity financed. All the other traditional assumptions are applicable.Required: Consider an investor who owns 10% of L’S Equity stock. He disposes the investment in L and borrows the amount equal to 10% of L’s debt and invests the entire proceeds in firm U. Show the investor’s income position. b) Consider the multifactor APT with two factors. The risk premiums on the factor 1 and factor 2 portfolios are 5% and 6%, respectively. Stock A has a beta of 1.2 on factor 1, and a beta of 0.7 on factor 2. The expected return on stock A is 17%. If no arbitrage opportunities exist, calculate the risk-free rate of return.Consider two firms that are identical in every respect EXCEPT for their capital structures. The unlevered firm is financed entirely by equity whereas the capital structure of the levered firm includes $30,000 of debt at 12%.The annual earnings of both companies before interest are the same, $10,000. The cost of equity in the unlevered firm is 15% and in the levered company at 16%. A) Determine the market values of the two companies. B) Suppose an investor owns 1% of the equity in the levered firm, describe the arbitrage process.Companies U and L are identical in every respect except that U is unlevered while L has $20 million of 8% bonds outstanding. Assume: (1) All of the MM assumptions are met. (2) Both firms are subject to a 25% federal-plus-state corporate tax rate. (3) EBIT is $3 million. (4) The unlevered cost of equity is 12%. What is the WACC for Firm U? % What is the WACC for Firm L? %
- Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume a company's target capital structure is 50% debt and 50% common equity. Group of answer choices The WACC is calculated on a before-tax basis. The WACC exceeds the cost of equity. The cost of equity is always equal to or greater than the cost of debt. The cost of reinvested earnings typically exceeds the cost of new common stock. The interest rate used to calculate the WACC is the average after-tax cost of all the company's outstanding debt as shown on its balance sheet.Companies U and L are identical in every respect except that U is unlevered while L has $20 million of 8% bonds outstanding. Assume: (1) All of the MM assumptions are met. (2) Both firms are subject to a 25% federal-plus-state corporate tax rate. (3) EBIT is $3 million. (4) The unlevered cost of equity is 12%. What is rs for Firm U?ABC and XYZ are identical firms in all respects except for their capital structures. ABC is all-equity financed with $530,000 in stock. XYZ has the same total value but uses both stock and perpetual debt; its stock is worth $310,000 and the interest rate on its debt is 7.9 percent. Both firms expect EBIT to be $62,222. Ignore taxes. Compute the costs of equity for both ABC and XYZ.
- Given the original assumptions of Modigliani and Miller (which include that there are no corporate or personal taxes), the firm’s optimal capital structure is a. 50% equity and 50% debt. b. 100% debt c. Given the original assumptions, there is no optimal capital structure. d. Firms have different optimal capital structure. e. 100% equityChoose a,b,c,d,e for the following: Question 3 - Firm U has an EBIT of $10 million and is 100% equity-financed while Firm L, which also has an EBIT of $10 million, uses $100,000 as debt in its capital structure. The interest rate is 6% p.a. and both firms are subject to a 25% tax rate. Based on this information, which of the following is true? a. The value of Firm L is the same as the value of Firm U. b. The tax paid by Firm L is $2,500,000. c. The value of Firm L exceeds the value of Firm U by $1,500. d. Firm U pays lesser tax than Firm L. e. The cash flow from L is $7,501,500.ABC co and XYZ Co. are identical firms in all respects except for their capital structure. ABC is all equity financed with $780,000 in stock. XYZ uses both stock and perpetual debt; its stock is worth $390,000 and the interest rate on its debt is 8 percent. Both firms expect EBIT to be $87,000. Ignore taxes. (SHOW YOUR WORK) What is the cost of equity for ABC? What is it for XYZ? What is the WACC for ABC? For XYZ? What principle have you illustrated?
- Firms HL and LL are identical except for their financial leverage ratios and the interest rates they pay on debt. Each has $26 million in invested capital, has $3.9 million of EBIT, and is in the 25% federal-plus-state tax bracket. Firm HL, however, has a debt-to-capital ratio of 50% and pays 12% interest on its debt, whereas LL has a 25% debt-to-capital ratio and pays only 10% interest on its debt. Neither firm uses preferred stock in its capital structure. Calculate the return on invested capital (ROIC) for each firm. Round your answers to two decimal places.ROIC for firm LL: %ROIC for firm HL: % Calculate the rate of return on equity (ROE) for each firm. Round your answers to two decimal places.ROE for firm LL: %ROE for firm HL: % Observing that HL has a higher ROE, LL's treasurer is thinking of raising the debt-to-capital ratio from 25% to 60% even though that would increase LL's interest rate on all debt to 15%. Calculate the new ROE for LL. Round your answer…ABC company and XYZ company have identical assets and currently they both have a debtequity ratio of 1. Both companies have a cost of riskless debt of 4% and return on equity of 20%. Expectedrate of return on market portfolio is 14% and firms are not subject to any taxes in this economy.a) ABC company decides to change its debt-equity ratio to 0.5 by issuing equity and retiring debt. Whatis its cost of equity after capital restructuring?b) XYZ company decides to change its debt-equity ratio to 2 by issuing debt and retiring equity. At thispoint, debt becomes risky and has a beta of 0.54, What is its cost of equity after capital restructuring? (Hint: You can use CAPM to estimate cost of riskydebt)Companies U and L are identical in every respect except that U is unlevered while L has $20 million of 8% bonds outstanding. Assume: (1) All of the MM assumptions are met. (2) Both firms are subject to a 25% federal-plus-state corporate tax rate. (3) EBIT is $3 million. (4) The unlevered cost of equity is 12%. What value would MM now estimate for each firm? Company U:Company L: