d) For each fixed integer l, we can apply Huffman's method to encode average realization of (xnl+1, Xnl+2, · , xnl+n) where n is another integer. The average codeword length of the resulting codebook is denoted by Ln. What is the limit of Ln/n as n → ∞? Is this codebook for xnl+1, Xnl+2, ** * ,Xnl+n dependent on l? Why?
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- 12. Robots have been programmed to traverse the maze shown in Figure 3.28 and at each junction randomly choose which way to go. Figure 3.28 (a) Construct the transition matrix for the Markov chain that models this situation. (b) Suppose we start with 15 robots at each junction. Find the steady state distribution of robots. (Assume that it takes each robot the same amount of time to travel between two adjacent junctions.)Suppose that Z1, Z2, . . . , Zn are statistically independent random variables. Define Y as the sum of squares of these random variablesA purchaser of transistors buys them in lots of 20. It is his policy to randomly inspect 4components from a lot and to accept the lot if at least 3 are nondefective. Suppose eachlot contains exactly five defective transisters. What proportion of lots are rejected?
- A certain company produces fidget spinners with ball bearings made of either plastic or metal. Under standard testing conditions, fidget spinners from this company with plastic bearings spin for an average of 2.7 minutes, while those from this company with metal bearings spin for an average of 4.2 minutes. A random sample of three fidget spinners with plastic bearings is selected from company stock, and each is spun one time under the same standard conditions; let x¯1x¯1 represent the average spinning time for these three spinners. A random sample of seven fidget spinners with metal bearings is selected from company stock, and each is likewise spun one time under standard conditions; let x¯2x¯2 represent the average spinning time for these seven spinners. What is the mean μ(x¯1−x¯2)μ(x¯1−x¯2) of the sampling distribution of the difference in sample means x¯1−x¯2x¯1−x¯2 ? 3(2.7)−7(4.2)=−21.33(2.7)−7(4.2)=−21.3 A 3−7=−43−7=−4 B 2.7−4.2=−1.52.7−4.2=−1.5 C…A k out of n system is one in which there is a group of n components, and the system will function if at least k of the components function. Assume the components function independently of one another. a) In a 3 out of 5 system, each component has probability 0.9 of functioning. What is the probability that the system will function? b) In a 3 out of n system, in which each component has probability 0.9 of functioning, what is the smallest value of n needed so that the probability that the system functions is at least 0.90?A certain plant runs three shifts per day. Of all the items produced by the plant, 50% of them are produced on the first shift, 30% on the second shift, and 20% on the third shift. Of all the items produced on the first shift, 1 % are defective, while 2% of the items produced on the second shift and 3% of the items produced on the third shift are defective. a) An item is sampled at random from the day's production, and it turns out to be defective. What is the probability that it was manufactured during the first shift? b) An item is sampled at random from the day's production, and it turns out not to be defective. What is the probability that it was manufactured during the third shift?
- Suppose that in manufacturing a very sensitive electronic component, a company and its customers have tolerated a 2% defective rate. Recently, however, several customers have been complaining that there seem to be more defectives than in the past. Given that the company has made recent modifications to its manufacturing process, it is wondering if in fact the defective rate has increased from 2%. For quality assurance purposes, you decide to randomly select 1,000 of these electronic components before they are shipped to customers. Of the 1,000 components, you find 25 that are defective. Assume that the company produces a very large number of these components on any given day. Set up an appropriate hypothesis to test whether or not the defect rate has increased. Before proceeding to test your hypothesis, check that all assumptions and conditions are satisfied for such a test. Conduct the test using a .05 level of significance (alpha) and state your decision about…Suppose that in manufacturing a very sensitive electronic component, a company and its customers have tolerated a 2% defective rate. Recently, however, several customers have been complaining that there seem to be more defectives than in the past. Given that the company has made recent modifications to its manufacturing process, it is wondering if in fact the defective rate has increased from 2%. For quality assurance purposes, you decide to randomly select 1,000 of these electronic components before they are shipped to customers. Of the 1,000 components, you find 25 that are defective. Assume that the company produces a very large number of these components on any given day. Conduct the test using a .05 level of significance (alpha) and state your decision about whether or not you believe that the defect rate has increased. What would be the minimum number of defectives in a random sample of 1,000 would you need to find in order to statistically decide that the defect…If X1, X2, ... , Xn constitute a random sample from anormal population with μ = 0, show that ni=1X2inis an unbiased estimator of σ2.
- Suppose that the probability of making a mistake in translation at each translational step is a small number, δ. Show that the probability, p, that a given protein molecule, containing n residues, will be completely error-free is (1 – δ)n.A computer manufacturer is interested in comparing assembly times for two keyboard assembly processes. Assembly times can vary considerably from worker to worker, and the company decides to eliminate this effect by selecting 12 workers at random and timing each worker on each assembly process. Half of the workers are chosen at random to use Process 1 first, and the rest use Process 2 first. For each worker and each process, the assembly time (in minutes) is recorded, as shown in the table below. Based on these data, can the company conclude, at the 0.05 level of significance, that the mean assembly times for the two processes differ? Answer this question by performing a hypothesis test regarding μd (which is μ with a letter "d" subscript), the population mean difference in assembly times for the two processes. Assume that this population of differences (Process 1 minus Process 2) is normally distributed. Perform a two-tailed test. Then complete the parts below. Carry your intermediate…Suppose that random variables X and Y are defined on a sample space with only two elements. Suppose that Cov(X, Y ) = 0. Prove that X and Y are independent.
