Decode the given bitstream and interpret the message that was sent.
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- q3- With the ________ mode if there is an error in a block of the transmitted ciphertext only the corresponding plaintext block is affected a- Electronic Code book Mode (ECB) b- Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB) c- Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC) d- Output Feedback Mode (OFB)If you are transmitting a large file, you must utilise cypher block chaining or cypher feedback mode. How much more efficient is one?Alice encrypts a message using AES, and sends the ciphertext to Bob. Unfortunately, during the calculation of the third block, a lightning struck Alice’s house, corrupting the 2nd bit of the AES output (for the third block). Fortunately, nothing else of the calculation was affected. How much of the plaintext can Bob still recover if the mode of encryption is one of the followings: CBC, CFB, OFB, or CTR?
- Comparing CBC mode to OFB mode, only in OFB mode... A. each block is encrypted separately B. an initialization vector is utilized C. each ciphertext block depends on the previous ciphertext block D. a key stream is utilizedGive encryption or decryption of these hexadecimal messages using the one-time pad algorithm, giving the result in hexadecimal also. You may wish to convert to binary first. a. m = 0xdeadbeef, K = 0x4ea04002, c = ? b. c = 0x84848484, K = 0xffffffff, m = ? c. c = 0x104557ce, K = 0xdabbad00, m = ?a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given below.) What is the Secret prefix MAC…
- Most IP datagram reassembly algorithms have a timer to avoid having a lost fragment tie up reassembly buffers forever. Suppose that a datagram is fragmented into four fragments. The first three fragments arrive, but the last one is delayed. Eventually, the timer goes off and the three fragments in the receiver's memory are discarded. A little later, the last fragment stumbles in. What should be done with it?N blocks of plaintext (P1 to PN) are being encrypted in CFB mode into ciphertext (C1 to CN). Assume that two bits of C3 are erroneous (their binary values have flipped). What bits of C3, C4, and C20 are erroneous?Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “ABCD” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=C9 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be D8 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV.
- .In Go-Back-N window, when the timer of the packet times out, several packets have to be resent even some may have arrived safe. Whereas in Selective Repeat window, the sender resends ________ 1. Packet which are not lost 2. Only those packets which are lost or corrupted 3. Packet from starting 4. All the packetsThe very last block of a message encrypted with AES-256 in CBC mode is 15 bytes long and ends with the bytes: 0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f When padded in accordance with PKCS #7 with 16-byte blocks, what is the complete value of the last block? *Please explain how you have solved this, thank you!!.In Go-Back-N window, when the timer of the packet times out, several packets have to be resent even some may have arrived safe. Whereas in Selective Repeat window, the sender resends ________1. Packet which are not lost2. Only those packets which are lost or corrupted3. Packet from starting4. All the packets