Which of the following statements best explains the effects of drugs that inhibit cholinesterase activity?     Drugs that inhibit cholinesterase activity increase the activation of both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.     Drugs that inhibit cholinesterase activity cause a positive chronotropic effect (increased heart rate).     Drugs that inhibit cholinesterase activity deplete vesicular acetylcholine within cholinergic nerve terminals.     Drugs that inhibit cholinesterase activity can be used clinically to treat patients with ‘SLUDGE’ syndrome

Which of the followings receptors is a G-protein coupled receptor Nicotinic type of acetylcholine receptor AMPA type of glutamate receptor GABAA type of GABA receptor serotonin 5-HT3 receptor dopamine type 1 receptor

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons in response to a nerve impulse and diffuses across the È synaptic cleft, or neuromuscular junction, to a receptor on another neuron or a muscle cell. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentamer containing four types of subunits, azßys. Place the events in the correct order, from the release of acetylcholine from a neuron to receptor resensitization: -excited presynaptic neuron releases acetylcholine -acetylcholine diffuses across synaptic cleft or neuromuscular junction -acetylcholine is released from the binding sites -two acetylcholine bind to a receptor; the gate opens -small cations pass through the open pore of the receptor -the plasma membrane of the target cell is depolarized -two acetylcholine are tightly bound to a receptor; the gate is closed -one acetylcholine binds to a receptor; the gate is closed.

Briefly describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of nicotine. What factors affect these processes? What organs or systems are involved?

The neuotransmitter acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons in response to a nerve impulse and diffuses across the synaptic cleft or neuromuscular junction to a receptor on another neuron or a muscle cell. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentamer containing four types of subunits, α2βγδ. Place the following in the correct order, from the release of acetylcholine from a neuron to receptor resensitization.

List the various drugs classified as cholinergic agonists (also called parasympathomimetics).

Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true?   a.) Overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.   b.) Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function.   c.) NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on of midbrain mesolimbic DA neurons that project to limbic regions.   d.) Schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.

In atropine poisoning, would you expect the pupils to be dilated or constricted? The skin to be moist or dry? The heart rate to be elevated or depressed? The bladder to retain urine or void uncontrollably?

Which of the following is NOT true regarding nicotine?   a. its psychoactive effects include improved attention, concentration, learning, and memory   b. green tobacco sickness affects smokers who use tobacco products that haven’t been properly dried   c. stress accelerates nicotine metabolism, driving smokers into nicotine withdrawal faster   d. it might be the only addictive chemical in tobacco, but other chemicals in tobacco might operate as catecholamine agonists   e. of the main pharmacologic treatments to aid smoking cessation, only Zyban (bupropion) does not lessen withdrawal symptoms through gentle activation of ACh receptors

If a person is given an experimental drug, which response would indicate that this drug is an norepinephrine/epinephrine agonist? decreased blood pressure pupil constriction constriction of respiratory airways high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) decreased heart rate