Differentiate between traditional budgeting and zero‐base budgeting.
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Master Budget
A master budget can be defined as an estimation of the revenue earned or expenses incurred over a specified period of time in the future and it is generally prepared on a periodic basis which can be either monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, or annually. It helps a business, an organization, or even an individual to manage the money effectively. A budget also helps in monitoring the performance of the people in the organization and helps in better decision-making.
Sales Budget and Selling
A budget is a financial plan designed by an undertaking for a definite period in future which acts as a major contributor towards enhancing the financial success of the business undertaking. The budget generally takes into account both current and future income and expenses.
Financial planning forms an integral part of the strategic planning of a firm.
Q.1 Differentiate between traditional budgeting and zero‐base budgeting.
Q.2 Recommend one of these budgeting methods to Pearson & Litt and provide reasons for your recommendation.
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- Consider the info provided below as well as the financial statements and answer the questions that follow.Pearson & Litt is a manufacturing company in the Eastern Cape. Their factory manufactures glass wine bottles for the Blue Valley Beer Co. For 2019 and 2020 respectively :Sales price per unit R15 and R19Variable cost per unit R6 and R7Fixed cost (FC) per annum R650 000 and R 855 500Fixed cost per unit R3 and R4Current assets R450 600 and R560 700Current liabilities R510 000 and R780 000Retained profit R21 809 and R17 600Net Sales R2 900 320 and R 3 100 100Cost of sales R390 000 and R475 000 The gross profit margin indicates how profitable sales have been.Q.1 Calculate the gross profit margin for Pearson & Litt for 2020. Q.2 Explain the results of the gross profit margin calculation.Consider the info provided below as well as the financial statements and answer the questions that follow.Pearson & Litt is a manufacturing company in the Eastern Cape. Their factory manufactures glass wine bottles for the Blue Valley Beer Co. For 2019 and 2020 respectively :Sales price per unit R15 and R19Variable cost per unit R6 and R7Fixed cost (FC) per annum R650 000 and R 855 500Fixed cost per unit R3 and R4Current assets R450 600 and R560 700Current liabilities R510 000 and R780 000Retained profit R21 809 and R17 600Net Sales R2 900 320 and R 3 100 100Cost of sales R390 000 and R475 000 The current ratio reflects the relationship between the value of the current assets and the extent of the current liabilities of a business.Q.1 Calculate the current ratio for Pearson & Litt for 2019. Q.2 Explain the results of the current‐test ratio.HINT: Include the minimum ratio recommended for the ratio in youranswer.Consider the info provided below as well as the financial statement and answer the questions that follows Pearson & Litt is a manufacturing company in the Eastern Cape. Their factory manufactures glass wine bottles for the Blue Valley Beer Co. 2019 2020 Sales price per unit R15 R19 Variable cost per unit R6 R7 Fixed cost (FC) per annum R650 000 R 855 500 Fixed cost per unit R 3 R 4 Current assets R 450 600 R 560 700 Current liabilities R 510 000 R 780 000 Retained profit R 21 809 R 17 600 Net Sales R 2 900 320…
- Questions (d) and (e) are based on the information below. Sanit Ltd is an alcohol sanitizer manufacturing company that produced 175 000 units of 100 ml hand sanitizer bottles during the financial year ended 31 August 2020. The normal capacity is 100 000 units of hand sanitizer 100 ml bottles per year. The total cost per unit, excluding fixed production overheads, amounts to R50 per unit. The fixed production overheads incurred amounts to R700 000 for the year. The closing balance of finished goods is 5 000 units. Assume there is no opening balance. (d) The under / over recovered fixed production overheads that is recognised as an expense (cost of sales) according to IAS 2, Inventories, amounts to: 1) R525 000 over recovery 2) R525 000 under recovery 3) R700 000 over recovery 4) R0 (e) Calculate the cost of sales in the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the financial year end 31 August 2020 of Sanit Ltd: 1) R9 000 000 2) R9 180 000…Quality Company Limited is a leading producer of Trust-Me Bottled Water in Ghana. During the month of December, 2020, the following figures were extracted from their records. Selling price Direct material Direct labour Factory overhead (60% fixed) Selling and Distribution Cost (30% variable) Administrative cost (80% fixed) Opening Stock Units sold Units produced GHS 65.00 16.00 12.00 30,000.00 50,000.00 30,000.00 7,600.00 4000 bottles 5000 bottles You are required to prepare income statement for Quality Company Limited for the month of December, 2020 using absorption costing and marginal costing approaches With relevant examples, explain the following Primary appointment and secondary apportionment Direct cost and indirect costAssume that the following table represents a production schedule for Rhithabile Enterprises, a South African company that produces a cheaper 70% alcohol hand sanitizer for the local market to fight COVID19. The company started operating in January 2021 and output started coming out in February. Month Quantity (Litres) Total Revenue in Rands Total Cost in Rands (TC)‘000’ Profit Average Revenue Average production Cost (TR) ‘000’ (R) ‘000’ (R) (R) Jan 0 0 200 -200 - - Feb 1000 - 300 100 - - March 2000 800 500 - - - April - 1200 - 400 - - May 4000 1600 1200 - - - June - 2000 - 300 - - July 6000 - 2300 - - - Aug 7000 2800 3000 - - - Sept 9000 3200 - -600 - - Questions:1a. Complete the table by calculating the missing figures. 1b. At what quantity (Litres) is revenue (TR) maximised? 1c. In which month/s and at what quantities was profit maximised?1d. The profit figure for the month of January is –R200.…
- Bizara (Pty) Ltd manufactures two products. The following information is available for the financial year ended 31 December 2022: Product South Africa Malawi Product A 6000 5000 Product B 9000 6000 The selling prices per unit are R150 and R100 for Product A and Product B respectively. All goods are sold for cash. Materials quantity requirements and unit costs: Material Tap Tap Product A 3Kg 1Kg Product B 2Kg 1Kg Material cost per kg R14 R2,50 Labour requirements and hourly rates: Department A Department B Product A 2 hours 0,5 hours Product B 1,75 hours 0,5 hours Hourly rate R10,00 R9,00 Inventories of materials: Tap Kap Opening inventory (01 January 2020) 10000 kg 2000 kg Closing inventory (31 December 2020 12000 kg 2500 kg Inventories of finished goods: Opening Inventory Closing Inventory Units Unit Price Units…You are required show ALL supporting workings where necessary and state any assumption(s) made. Greek Manufacturing Company produces and sells a line of product that are sold usually all year round. Thecompany has a maximum production capacity of 100,000 units per year. Operating at normal capacity, thebusiness earned Operating Income of $600,000 in 2020. The following cost data has been prepared for theyear ended December 31, 2020.Selling price per unit……………………………………… $50.00Production Costs:Direct Materials …………………………………. $10.00Direct Labour ……………………………………. $8.00Variable Manufacturing Overhead ……………. $7.00Fixed Manufacturing Overhead…………....................... $450,000Fixed Selling & Administrative Expenses……………… $300,000Variable selling expense per unit ………………………. $10.00Required:g) Greek’s management team is concerned about the selling expenses associated with the product and wants to reduce the variable selling expense per unit by 30%, which will see a simultaneous reduction in…The following information was extracted from The Cape Adventures T&T Pvt Ltd. The company manufactures a single product. The particulars for February 2023 are as follows: Units manufactured and sold 18 750. Selling price per unit R 100 Manufacturing cost: – Variable R468 750 – Fixed R187 500 Selling and administrative cost: – Variable selling cost (R5,00 per unit) R 93 750 – Fixed selling cost R 50 000 – Fixed administration cost R 12 500 Required: Draft the statement of comprehensive income for the month ended 28 February 2023 according to the: i. direct costing method ii. absorption costing method.
- Cepantas Sdn Bhd is in the courier business. It owns an office building and 200 motorcycles to delivergoods around Klang valley. As at 31 December 2020, the carrying amount of the assets, measured atthe cost model, are as follows:RMOffice building 600,000Motorcycles 200,000Delivery bags, helmets 15,000Total carrying amount 815,000The building has a current market price of RM800,000 as a stand-alone asset. The motorcycles,delivery bags and helmets each have no or little market value as a stand-alone asset. The businessgenerates an after-tax profit of RM500,000 per year and this profit level is expected to bemaintained in the future periods due to increase needs of delivery services caused by Covid-19pandemic. The average price-earnings ratio (P/E) of Malaysian listed courier companies is 6 times.Required:a) Calculate the value of the Cepantas Sdn Bhd’s business by applying a discount of P/E ratio ofone-third.b) Using your answer in (a) above, determine the fair value of each asset.c)…You are required to show ALL supporting workings where necessary and state any assumption(s) made.Greek Manufacturing Company produces and sells a line of product that are sold usually all year round. Thecompany has a maximum production capacity of 100,000 units per year. Operating at normal capacity, thebusiness earned Operating Income of $600,000 in 2020. The following cost data has been prepared for theyear ended December 31, 2020.Selling price per unit……………………………………… $50.00Production Costs:Direct Materials …………………………………. $10.00Direct Labour ……………………………………. $8.00Variable Manufacturing Overhead ……………. $7.00Fixed Manufacturing Overhead…………....................... $450,000Fixed Selling & Administrative Expenses……………… $300,000Variable selling expense per unit ………………………. $10.00Required:d) Assuming sales equal to the normal capacity calculated in a) above, prepare a contribution margin income statement for the year ended December 31, 2020, detailing the components of total variable…a) Bidii Enterprises is located at Kariobangi Light Industries area in Nairobi. The company manufactures a product ‘comex’ which is used in the building industry. The main raw material used in the manufacture of ‘comex’ is material B4 2000. The following information relates to material B4 2000. Annual requirements : 144,000 unitsOrdering costs : Sh.12,500 per orderAnnual holding costs : 20% of the purchase pricePurchase price per unit : Sh.500Safety stock requirement : None Required:(i) The economic order quantity. (ii) The number of orders needed per year (iii) Total cost of ordering and holding material B4 2000 per year. ( b) A Company has provided the following data in respect of its major raw materials. Maximum Consumption 1,200 unitsNormal consumption 900 units Minimum consumption 600 units Lead time 4-6 weeks Re-order Quantity 6,000 units RequiredReorder levelMaximum stock level Minimum stock level