(e) If half the chromosomes of a human primary oocyte segregate into the first polar body, which degenerates, why aren't some of the different kinds of chromosomes of the diploid chromosome complement absent from the egg?
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- Hypothetically, a cell has DNA that weighs 10 picograms. This cell goes through S phase and is about to undergo mitosis. How much does the DNA of this cell weight now? How much would the DNA of the two cells produced at the end of mitosis weigh? Explain your reasoning.Domesticated sheep cells have a total of 54 chromosomes (versus 46 chromosomes in human cells). (a) How many separate DNA molecules are present in a sheep liver cell at the end of the G1 phase? (b) How many separate DNA molecules are present in the daughter cells after meiosis I in the ovary of the sheep? (c) How many separate DNA molecules are present in the daughter cells after meiosis II in the ovary of the sheep?In a turtle species, a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle contains 22 picograms of DNA (picogram is a measure of the total mass of the DNA present). How much DNA is present in a cell of the same species at prophase II of meiosis (prophase of the second meiotic division)?
- A diploid plant cell contains 2 billion base pairs of DNA. a. How many nucleosomes are present in the cell? b. Give the number of molecules of each type of histone protein associated with the genomic DNA.Colchicine is a chemical mutagen that inhibits the spindle formation and prevents anaphase, which retains the cell’s single restitution nucleus (doubled chromosome number). Suppose that an onion (2n=16) is subjected to three consecutive rounds of colchicine treatment, what will be the resulting chromosome number of the treated onion?An article entitled “Nucleosome Positioning at the Replication Fork” states: “both the ‘old’ randomly segregated nucleosomes as well as the ‘new’ assembled histone octamers rapidly position themselves (within seconds) on the newly replicated DNA strands” [Lucchini et al. (2002)]. Given this statement, how would one compare the distribution of nucleosomes and DNA in newly replicated chromatin? How could one experimentally test the distribution of nucleosomes on newly replicated chromosomes?
- In the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase, a strand of chromatin consisting of eight conserved histone proteins, and a short region of double-stranded DNA wrapped around them, is: A. properly referred to as the radial miniband B. properly referred to as the supersolenoid C. properly referred to as the chromosome D. properly referred to as the nucleosome E. properly referred to as the solenoidWhy is a chromosomal fragment without a centromeresubsequently lost and degraded?Explain the following terms: Non-histone Chromosomal (NHC) proteins, euchromatin & Heterochromatin.
- A diploid human cell contains approximately 6.4 billion base pairs of DNA. Assuming that the linker DNA encompasses 35 bp, how many nucleosomes are present in such a cell? Use two significant figures. How many histone proteins are complexed with this DNA? use two significant figures.The Y chromosome contains large amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Why might there be more constitutive heterochromatin in the Y chromosome than in other chromosomes?5. a. About how many molecules of histone H2A wouldbe required in a typical human cell just after thecompletion of S phase, assuming an average nucleosome spacing of 200 bp?b. During what stage of the cell cycle is it most crucial to synthesize new histone proteins?c. The human genome contains 60 histone genes,with 10–15 genes of each type (H1, H2A, H2B,H3, and H4). Why do you think the genome contains multiple copies of each histone gene?