Exercise 3.12. (1) Give an example of an ordered set X and an element a E X that has no predecessors. (2) Give an example of an ordered set X and an element a E X that has no successors.

Elements Of Modern Algebra
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ISBN:9781285463230
Author:Gilbert, Linda, Jimmie
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Chapter1: Fundamentals
Section1.2: Mappings
Problem 27E: 27. Let , where and are nonempty. Prove that has the property that for every subset of if and...
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Please solve 3.12 in detail

Definition 3.11. Let X be a nondegenerate set with linear order <. If there an element
a e X such that Vx E X,a < x, we say a is the least (or smallest) element of X. For
be X (b + a), we call [a, b) an initial segment of X. If there is an element w E X such
that Vx E X, x <w, we say w is the greatest (or largest) element of X. For be X (b+ w),
we call (b, w] a terminal segment of X.
Without commiting ourselves to the existence of least or greatest elements in X (o and
-00 are symbols used to denote rays, not elements of the set X), we define the following
four types of rays:
(1) For each a E X, the positive open ray from a is the set (a, 0) := {x € X | a < x}.
(2) For each a E X, the negative open ray from a is the set (-0, a) := {x E X | x < a}.
(3) For each a E X, the positive closed ray from a is the set [a, 00) := {x E X | a < x}.
TOPOLOGY NOTES
SPRING,
2021
3
(4) For each a E X, the negative closed ray from a is the set (-0, a] := {x € X | x < a}.
The positive open ray is sometimes called the set of successors of a; the negative open ray
is sometimes called the set of predecessors of a.
Exercise 3.12. (1) Give an example of an ordered set X and an element a E X that has
no predecessors. (2) Give an example of an ordered set X and an element a E X that has
no successors.
Transcribed Image Text:Definition 3.11. Let X be a nondegenerate set with linear order <. If there an element a e X such that Vx E X,a < x, we say a is the least (or smallest) element of X. For be X (b + a), we call [a, b) an initial segment of X. If there is an element w E X such that Vx E X, x <w, we say w is the greatest (or largest) element of X. For be X (b+ w), we call (b, w] a terminal segment of X. Without commiting ourselves to the existence of least or greatest elements in X (o and -00 are symbols used to denote rays, not elements of the set X), we define the following four types of rays: (1) For each a E X, the positive open ray from a is the set (a, 0) := {x € X | a < x}. (2) For each a E X, the negative open ray from a is the set (-0, a) := {x E X | x < a}. (3) For each a E X, the positive closed ray from a is the set [a, 00) := {x E X | a < x}. TOPOLOGY NOTES SPRING, 2021 3 (4) For each a E X, the negative closed ray from a is the set (-0, a] := {x € X | x < a}. The positive open ray is sometimes called the set of successors of a; the negative open ray is sometimes called the set of predecessors of a. Exercise 3.12. (1) Give an example of an ordered set X and an element a E X that has no predecessors. (2) Give an example of an ordered set X and an element a E X that has no successors.
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