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- For practical encryption that involves secret message transmission from Alice to Bob, why is the message encrypted with the shared symmetric key rather than Bob's public key? What is the significance of using Bob's public key to encrypt the shared symmetric key?Consider the case of Alice sending a message, m, to Bob. Both Alice and Bob use public key cryptography and each has a public and private key as described in the text. The figure attached below shows the operations that Alice must perform to provide confidentiality, authentication, and integrity when sending a message to Bob over the network. We can use either symmetric key or public key cryptography to encrypt a message. For our purposes, either technique will encrypt the message, and applying both doesn't make it "more secure". Also, we can assume that the session key would remain a secret so the fact that it is discarded does not make it "more secure". Why do we use a session key, Ks, instead of relying only on public key Cryptography? In other words, why do we use both public key and symmetric key cryptography?How does Alice verify that a message M that was signed by Bob using RSA is really from Bob? Assume that eA and dA are the encryption and decryption exponents for Alice while eB and dB are those for Bob. The agreed upon hash function is h. All congruences are mod N and Alice has Bob's certificate. Question 10 options: She compares h(M) to DSdA mod N She compares h(M) to DSdB mod N She compares h(M) to DSeB mod N She compares h(M) to DSeA mod N
- Let Π = (Gen,Enc,Dec) be a private-key encryption scheme that has indistinguishable en- cryptions in the presence of an eavesdropper. Which of the following encryption schemes are also necessarily secure against an eavesdropper? If you think a scheme is secure, sketch a proof, if not, provide a counterexample. Here, for a bit string s, parity(s) is 1 if the number of 1’s in s is odd, and 0 otherwise. The || symbol stands for concatenation. So, for strings if x = 00 and y = 11, x||y = 0011. (a) Enc1k(m) = 0||Enck(m)(b) Enc2k(m) = Enck(m)||parity(m) (c) Enc3k(m) = Enck(m)||Enck(m)(d) Enc4k(m) = Enck(m)||Enck(m + 1). Here think of m as an integer. Please type answer note write by hend.Give an example of each type of authentication and the risks that come with it. Then give an answer.Bob compares a password that has been hashed to a database that also has hashes.Bob looks at what's in a database and compares it to a double-hashed password.Using a connected public key and private key, Alice and Bob may accomplish both secrecy and authentication.
- 1. Asymmetric Encryption and Message Authentication: a) The primitive root of a prime number is the basic principle of Diffie-Hellman. i) Is 3 the primitive root of 11? Show the proof with your calculation. ii) What are the important criteria for selecting a prime number in cryptography? Is 11 a good choice for such a purpose? b) Find the parameters stated using the Diffie-Hellman methods, given the user A and B shared a prime number and its primitive root of 23 and 5, respectively. i) If user A public key value is 8, find the A’s private key. ii) If user B public key value is 19, what is the common secret key? c) In the following scenario, we will compare the security services that are given by digital signatures (DS) and message authentication codes (MAC). We assume that James can read all messages send from Chan to Badrul and the other way around, too. James has no knowledge of any keys but the public one in the case of DS. State whether and…Can an AES key be shared secret encrypted? Justify your response Distinguish between hash and keyed hash See a real-world example of a one-keyed hash function.Need help with a Which description about the Diffie-Hellman Protocol is NOT correct? A. Diffie-Hellman Protocol is used to negotiate a key over a public channel. B. The base g and modulus p are publicly known . C. Diffie-Hellman Protocol authenticates each party. D. Diffie-Hellman Protocol is vulnerable to the Man-In-The-Middle Attack.
- In the Diffie-Hellman Protocol, each participant selects a secret number x and sends the other participant αx mod q for some public number α. What would happen if the participants sent each other αx for some public number αinstead? Give at least one method Alice and Bob could use for agreeing on a key. Can Eve break your system without finding the secret numbers? Can Eve find the secret numbers? In TLS, why is there a separate Change Cipher Spec Protocol, rather than including a change_cipher_spec message in the Handshake Protocol?Can you please help me with this: RSA can be used for: Digital Signature Encryption and Decryption Key exchange All the above RSA is secure because: Factoring large integers is easy Factoring large integers is hard Modular arithmetic is hard Modular arithmetic is easy Which description about the Diffie-Hellman Protocol is NOTcorrect? Diffie-Hellman Protocol is used to negotiate a key over a public channel. The base gand modulus pare publicly known. Diffie-Hellman Protocol authenticates each party. Diffie-Hellman Protocol is vulnerable to the Man-In-The-Middle Attack.Consider the ElGamal signature scheme. Let Bob’s private key be Kpr = (d) = (67) and the corresponding public key Kpub = (p, α, β) = (97,23,15). Verify if both these messages originated from Bob You receive the following message and signatures (x, r, s) = (22, 37, 33) (x, r, x) = (82, 13, 65)