Explain the relationship of the following pairs of terms. Briefly explain its relations 1.) Positive Feedback and oxytocin 2.) Negative Feedback and insulin 3.) Ovary and estrogen 4.) Testis and testosterone 5.) Neuron and nerve impulse
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- Which cells in the ovaries secrete hormones? (a) oocytes, (b) zona pellucida, (c) theca and granulosa cells, (d) corpus albicans.Based on the schematic below, illustrating the control of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland by the ovarian hormones, how would you design a hormonal female contraceptive that keeps secretion of FSH and LH low in order to prevent ovulation?Describe the function of each of the following hormones in the uterine and ovarian cycles: GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens, progesterone, and inhibin.
- If a castrated male rat was injected with testosterone over several weeks, why would his prostate increase in size but his testes decrease in size? What would you expect to happen to his circulating levels of LH? What would happen to his body weight?Which of the following correctly describes the results of andropause? Select one: A. Lower sperm count and increased rate of testicular cancer. B. Increased estrogen levels and decrease testosterone levels. C. Decreased fertility and increased testosterone levels. D. Reduction of muscle and bone mass and lower sperm count.Describe three physiologic functions that suppress ovulation when “the pill” is used as a method of contraception.
- How can sperm and eggs meet in such a dilute concentration, and how can sperm be prevented from attempting to fertilize eggs of another species?Which of the following statements correctly describes the effects of increased testosterone? a. Increased levels of testosterone result in increased sperm production b. Increased levels of testosterone decreases the release of FSH and LH c. Increased levels of testosterone stimulates the release of GnRH d. Increased levels of testosterone stimulates the release of FSH and LH.Name two organ-system derivatives of each of the three germ layers.
- Which of the following statements about Sertoli cells is CORRECT? Select one: a. They are found in the gonads and secrete testosterone. b. Together with the other gastric epithelial cells to form gastric glands. c. They control renal reabsorption and secretion in the nephron. d. They support spermatogenesis. e. They secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum.What conclusion can you draw regarding the relationship between the thickness of the endometrium and the hormone level of progesterone? Why does it make sense that the endometrium would be its thickest following ovulation?Give the rationale behind the hormonal ingredients used in the formulation of the female contraceptive pill. What are the side-effects of the use of such pills, and how does modern pharmacology address these issues?