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Genetic Variation
Genetic variation refers to the variation in the genome sequences between individual organisms of a species. Individual differences or population differences can both be referred to as genetic variations. It is primarily caused by mutation, but other factors such as genetic drift and sexual reproduction also play a major role.
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative genetics is the part of genetics that deals with the continuous trait, where the expression of various genes influences the phenotypes. Thus genes are expressed together to produce a trait with continuous variability. This is unlike the classical traits or qualitative traits, where each trait is controlled by the expression of a single or very few genes to produce a discontinuous variation.
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- Do all the phylogenetictrees below represent thesame relationships (sametopology)? If not, circle thetree(s) that is/are differentand explain why in the spaceto the left.Sympatric speciation by allotetraploidy has been proposed as acommon mechanism for speciation. Let’s suppose you were interestedin the origin of certain grass species in southern California.Experimentally, how would you go about determining if some ofthe grass species are the result of allotetraploidy?In the western United States, populations of an annual plant can be found almost continuously from San Diego to Seattle. Even though individuals from the San Diego and Seattle populations never come into contact, they can still be considered part of the same species under the ________ species concept because they can potentially interbreed. A.biologicalB.morphologicalC.lineageD.habitat
- Discuss criteria or measurements by whichyou might conclude that a population is betteradapted after a certain evolutionary change thanbeforehttps://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110301_pcbresistantcod (ARTICLE LINK) QUESTIONS: 1. Review the process of natural selection. Use the steps to explain how PCB resistance became so common among tomcod in the Hudson. Be sure to include the terms mutation, fitness, selective pressure, and adaptation in your explanation. 2. In this blog post, the author describes the tomcod as "a quick learner" because of the population's adaptation to PCBs. Is "learning" an accurate way to describe the change in the Hudson River tomcod population? Why or why not? 3. The data shown on the map above support the hypothesis that natural selection for PCB resistance has occurred among tomcod in the Hudson. What sort of evidence regarding gene frequencies in different populations would argue against this hypothesis (i.e., imagine what the scientists would have observed in this study if natural selection on the AHR gene had not occurred among Hudson River tomcod)? 4. Why is it not accurate to…In 350 words, distinguish between sympatric, allopatric and parapatric speciation.
- Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophilathat live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islandshave different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involvefighting other males and making stylized movements thatattract females. What type of reproductive isolation does thisrepresent?(A) habitat isolation(B) temporal isolation(C) behavioral isolation(D) gametic isolationIndicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Allopatric Speciation [enter 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, etc; write only the number -- no words, no spaces] The two groups develop reproductive isolating mechanisms so that they no longer interbreed. Interbreeding populations connected via gene flow occur across a range. The two separate groups adapt to their new environments. Some sort of physical barrier develops to split the once contiguous population(s) into two separate groups If they come back together, any hybrids formed are less fit.Need help with the given question, pls explain and make sure it's correct 100%, thank you sm! Q2. Speciation occurs via: a. gradualism b. punctuated equilibrium c. both
- Indicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Parapatric Speciation [enter 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, etc; write only the number -- no words, no spaces] Something happens so that the environment is different in one part of the range relative to the other, even though the populations are still contiguous. As they adapt to their specific environments, the fitness of any hybrid formed is reduced. The populations adapt to their environment in the part of the range where they live. Interbreeding populations connected via gene flow occur across a range. Reproductive isolating mechanisms are selected for so that less fit hybrids are not formed. Two species now exist.A) Differentiate allopatric speciation and sympatricspeciation. Which type of speciation is more common andwhy? B) Is allopatric speciation more likely to occur inDumaran Island close to the main island of Palawan oron a more isolated island which is Culion Island of almostthe same size? Explain your prediction.If you go back 40 generations into your biologicalancestry:a. How many ancestors are you predicted to have?b. How could you reconcile that prediction with thefact that the world’s population of humans is nowroughly 7 billion people?