have been evolving separately? a. Cladogram b) Phylogenetic tree c. Molecular clock d. Three-domain system 12. Which of the following statements best explains why organisms share a common structure? I.Organisms can choose their mate II.Organisms share the same ancestry III. Organisms pass traits from parents to offspring IV. Organisms adapt to their environment and evolve a. I and II b. II and III c. III and IV d. II and III 13. How are DNA sequences used in determining the degree of relatedness of organisms? I. If the DNA sequence between two organisms are entirely different they are related II. If the DNA sequences between two organisms are similar they are related. III. The closer is their relationship if there are more similarities in the DNA of two different organisms. IV. If there are

have been evolving separately? a. Cladogram b) Phylogenetic tree c. Molecular clock d. Three-domain system 12. Which of the following statements best explains why organisms share a common structure? I.Organisms can choose their mate II.Organisms share the same ancestry III. Organisms pass traits from parents to offspring IV. Organisms adapt to their environment and evolve a. I and II b. II and III c. III and IV d. II and III 13. How are DNA sequences used in determining the degree of relatedness of organisms? I. If the DNA sequence between two organisms are entirely different they are related II. If the DNA sequences between two organisms are similar they are related. III. The closer is their relationship if there are more similarities in the DNA of two different organisms. IV. If there are

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter23: Paleobiology And Macroevolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4TYK

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The phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes. A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits. B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)? C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?
Exaptations are traits that: a. prepare some organisms for future environmental changes. b. appear in lineages as a result of an adaptive radiation. c. evolve in anticipation of a species future needs. d. are useful in new situations before natural selection alters them for a new function. e. occur in animals, but not in plants.
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences fromthe intron of a gene in three species called A, B,and C. Species A and B are most closely related,while C is more distantly related. The sequencesof A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differby 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 basepairs. Fossils show that species A and B divergedabout 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence asto when the most recent common ancestor ofall three species lived. Use the genetic data toestimate that date. What assumptions are youmaking to get this estimate?
. The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similarskeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones inwhales have very different shapes and proportions. However,genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms divergedfrom a common ancestor at about the same time. Which ofthe following is the most likely explanation for these data?(A) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, butnot in whales.(B) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted insignificant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.(C) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.(D) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
. DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to thesequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The mostlikely explanation for this result is that(A) humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.(B) humans evolved from chimpanzees.(C) chimpanzees evolved from humans.(D) convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities.
a) What is the best estimate (mean age), in millions of years, for the divergence of the clade containing the American Giant Short Faced Bear from the clade containing the Sloth Bear? b) According to Figure 1, bears as a group experienced substantial evolutionary radiation near what geological boundary? c) True or False. An entire clade of bears has gone extinct because the two extinct bear species in the figure are sister species. d) What bears are the nearest relatives of the Sun Bear?
In a comparison of birds and mammals,the condition of having four limbs is(A) a shared ancestral character.(B) a shared derived character.(C) a character useful for distinguishing birdsfrom mammals.(D) an example of analogy rather than homology.
EVOLUTION CONNECTION Darwin suggested looking at aspecies’ close relatives to learn what its ancestors may havebeen like. Explain how his suggestion anticipates recentmethods, such as phylogenetic bracketing and the use ofoutgroups in cladistic analysis.
Fossils that serve as transitional links allow scientists toa. determine how prehistoric animals interacted with each other.b. deduce the order in which various groups of animals arose.c. relate climate change to evolutionary trends.d. determine why evolutionary changes occur.
Briefly explain how bat's and bird's wings arr evolution evidence for both homologous and analogous structures
Michael Bunce and his colleagues in England, Canada, and theUnited States extracted and sequenced mitochondrial DNA from fossilsof Haast’s eagle, a gigantic eagle that was driven to extinction 700 yearsago when humans first arrived in New Zealand (M. Bunce et al. 2005.PLOS Biology 3:44–46). Using mitochondrial DNA sequences fromliving eagle species and those from Haast’s-eagle fossils, they createdthe accompanying phylogenetic tree. On this phylogenetic tree, identify(a) all nodes; (b) one example of a branch; and (c) the outgroup.
Taphonomy tells us ab0ut preservati0n biases in the fossil rec0rd. What kind of biases affect 0ur understanding 0f the large animals 0f the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous? (a short list with explanations or 2-3 short paragraphs) need help asap, thank you in advance