I don’t understand the concept of Mendels formula. I don’t get how they used the ratios in table 3.4 to predict the number of genotypes in each generation and I was wondering if you could explain it better. I don’t know how they got those numbers. 4:12 PM Thu Sep 9* 63%LibraryFundamentals of Biology I - CBEN110 - Beeler, Farnsworth, Shaffer - Fall.probability that allow you to predict the outcomes of genetic experiments.Tool for calculating probabilitiesMendel used symbols and mathematics to represent a complex biological process that he did not understandat the molecular level. Based on your modern knowledge, you can understand the mechanism shown inFigure 3.7. On average, every time a heterozygote is self-pollinated, it produces 25% homozygous dominantpeas, 50% heterozygous peas, and 25% homozygous recessive peas. A visual tool called a Punnett square inFigure 3.8 is helpful for calculating ratios of progeny based on gamete genotypes. For simplicity, it is easierto assume that each cross produces four peas, although four is just a number used for convenience. APunnett square lists all of the possible gamete genotypes on the outside of the square (top and left), lettingyou simply combine all the columns and rows to produce the progeny genotypes inside the square. You candeduce phenotypes from the genotypes within each box. The ratio 1:2:1 for genotypes YY:Yy:yy was one ofthe famous ratios that Mendel published (Table 3.4). Using this ratio, Mendel projected n generations intothe future, which was easy because he made a simplifying assumption that every plant produces exactly 4peas and every generation maintains the exact 1:2:1 ratio. Mendel reasoned that if he started with a 1:2:1ratio, the next generation will result in a ratio of 6:4:6, which simplifies to 3:2:3. Let's examine this logic anduse Table 3.4 to predict the future. Red arrows connecting the first two generations show how each numberwas deduced.Look at the second generation data in Table 3.4. Each firstgeneration homozygous pea will produce only homozygouspollenYy × Yymaternal gamete genotypesgenotypessecond generation peas. Each Yy pea will produce one YY andone yy pea for a total of six YY peas and six yy peas in thesecond generation. Four heterozygotes will be present in thesecond generation, because each of the two heterozygouspeas from the previous generation will produce two newheterozygotes; 2 x 2 = 4. Mendel repeated this pattern overand over and produced a formula to calculate the outcome forYyYYYYyyYyyyFigure 3.8 A Punnett square. Genotype and phenotypeoutcomes for mating two heterozygotes. Gametegenotypes are placed outside the colored boxes, and peagenotypes are placed inside the colored boxes.Phenotypes are represented by the yellow or greencolored boxes. Original art.any generation, which is presented in the bottom row of theratio columns. Generation #2 produced a YY ratio of 22 - 1 =3, and the same formula describes the yygenerationsnumber of genotypesratiosratio in the second generation. Note that theYYYyyyYYYyyyheterozygote component of the ratio is aconstant, which helps explain why Mendel'scontemporaries thought heterozygotes “areinclined to revert to the parental forms,"reconfirming their mistaken understandingof inheritance patterns. Using Mendel'sformula, you can easily predict the ratio of2x1 YY4(2 x 2 Yy)х1 у.14 YY121yy39-23328828412016120152154963249631312n-12n -1...***peas ten generations into the future withouthaving to write down the outcomes of all theintermediate generations.Table 3.4 Ratio of pea genotypes for n future generations. Original art.Integrating Question9. If you mated YY with yy peas, use Table 3.4 to predict the proportion of homozygous yellow,3.1 How can traits disappear and reappear in a later generation?91 of 583

Question

I don’t understand the concept of Mendels formula. I don’t get how they used the ratios in table 3.4 to predict the number of genotypes in each generation and I was wondering if you could explain it better. I don’t know how they got those numbers. 4:12 PM Thu Sep 9* 63%LibraryFundamentals of Biology I - CBEN110 - Beeler, Farnsworth, Shaffer - Fall.probability that allow you to predict the outcomes of genetic experiments.Tool for calculating probabilitiesMendel used symbols and mathematics to represent a complex biological process that he did not understandat the molecular level. Based on your modern knowledge, you can understand the mechanism shown inFigure 3.7. On average, every time a heterozygote is self-pollinated, it produces 25% homozygous dominantpeas, 50% heterozygous peas, and 25% homozygous recessive peas. A visual tool called a Punnett square inFigure 3.8 is helpful for calculating ratios of progeny based on gamete genotypes. For simplicity, it is easierto assume that each cross produces four peas, although four is just a number used for convenience. APunnett square lists all of the possible gamete genotypes on the outside of the square (top and left), lettingyou simply combine all the columns and rows to produce the progeny genotypes inside the square. You candeduce phenotypes from the genotypes within each box. The ratio 1:2:1 for genotypes YY:Yy:yy was one ofthe famous ratios that Mendel published (Table 3.4). Using this ratio, Mendel projected n generations intothe future, which was easy because he made a simplifying assumption that every plant produces exactly 4peas and every generation maintains the exact 1:2:1 ratio. Mendel reasoned that if he started with a 1:2:1ratio, the next generation will result in a ratio of 6:4:6, which simplifies to 3:2:3. Let's examine this logic anduse Table 3.4 to predict the future. Red arrows connecting the first two generations show how each numberwas deduced.Look at the second generation data in Table 3.4. Each firstgeneration homozygous pea will produce only homozygouspollenYy × Yymaternal gamete genotypesgenotypessecond generation peas. Each Yy pea will produce one YY andone yy pea for a total of six YY peas and six yy peas in thesecond generation. Four heterozygotes will be present in thesecond generation, because each of the two heterozygouspeas from the previous generation will produce two newheterozygotes; 2 x 2 = 4. Mendel repeated this pattern overand over and produced a formula to calculate the outcome forYyYYYYyyYyyyFigure 3.8 A Punnett square. Genotype and phenotypeoutcomes for mating two heterozygotes. Gametegenotypes are placed outside the colored boxes, and peagenotypes are placed inside the colored boxes.Phenotypes are represented by the yellow or greencolored boxes. Original art.any generation, which is presented in the bottom row of theratio columns. Generation #2 produced a YY ratio of 22 - 1 =3, and the same formula describes the yygenerationsnumber of genotypesratiosratio in the second generation. Note that theYYYyyyYYYyyyheterozygote component of the ratio is aconstant, which helps explain why Mendel'scontemporaries thought heterozygotes “areinclined to revert to the parental forms,&#34;reconfirming their mistaken understandingof inheritance patterns. Using Mendel'sformula, you can easily predict the ratio of2x1 YY4(2 x 2 Yy)х1 у.14 YY121yy39-23328828412016120152154963249631312n-12n -1...***peas ten generations into the future withouthaving to write down the outcomes of all theintermediate generations.Table 3.4 Ratio of pea genotypes for n future generations. Original art.Integrating Question9. If you mated YY with yy peas, use Table 3.4 to predict the proportion of homozygous yellow,3.1 How can traits disappear and reappear in a later generation?91 of 583

Accepted Answer

Gregor Mendel is regarded as the father of genetics because of the work he did upon pea plants and…