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Identify the technologies that will use gas turbines and internal combustion engines in Mauritius. Some information given

Identify the technologies that will use gas turbines and internal combustion engines in Mauritius. Some information given

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List)
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (MindTap Course List)
8th Edition
ISBN:9781305578296
Author:John Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein, Bill Whitman, Bill Johnson
Publisher:John Tomczyk, Eugene Silberstein, Bill Whitman, Bill Johnson
Chapter2: Matter And Energy
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 19RQ: What are the two types of energy most frequently used or considered in this industry?
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Identify the technologies that will use gas turbines and internal combustion engines in Mauritius. Some information given
3. Potential of Renewable Energy Coal has been an important source of energy in the energy mix where it contributes around 1300 GWh annually representing around 40% of electricity in the energy mix. The objective of this Discussion Paper is to look strategically at the potential of replacing and phasing out of coal by local available resources. Being a Small Island Developing State with limited resources, Mauritius depends on the importation of fossil fuel, namely coal and oil to meet its energy demand. With increase in freight cost and fossil fuel prices, the cost of importation of the fossil fuel is becoming an economic burden. Nothing is highlighted more than this than when we face geopolitical crises impacting on the price of imported fossil fuels, not to mention the worsening of the situation with the depreciation of the rupee. The potential consequences on the economy are significant. Additionally, with the international commitment with respect to climate change mitigation. Mauritius is bound to switch to more renewable energy resources to meet its energy demand. The following local resources can be further explored in order to achieve the set objectives: 3.1 Bioenergy Bioenergy is a source of renewable energy produced from natural sources such as energy crops. biomass, wastes and by-products among others. Electricity produced from bioenergy is firm power and therefore it overcomes the challenges with intermittent power compared to solar and wind. Some 400 GWh was produced in 2020 and it is therefore expected to play a crucial role in decarbonising the energy systems. Currently, bagasse and landfill gas are the only source of bioenergy in Mauritius, which represent around 14% in the electricity mix. The following bioenergy sources can be explored to increase the share of bioenergy with currently available technology: 3.1I Bagasse Electricity production from bagasse is a mature technology in Mauritius where more than 300 GWh is being produced. The main disadvantage of bagasse is that it is available only during crop season, with also a decreasing availability noted as area under cane cultivation drops drastically. Although bagasse is fully exploited, this can be done more efficiently. Drying of bagasse by flue gas will decrease its moisture content whereby improving its energy content. Drying of bagasse can improve the electricity output by 10% with the existing plants. Moreover, cultivation of high biomass cane can result in higher bagasse yield without compromising the sugar yield. This potential requires further consideration as well as the switching to higher pressure boilers where applicable. It is expected that drying of bagasse can produce an additional 30 GWh of electricity per year, as a conservative estimate with consideration of measures implementable before 2030 with existing facilities. With a decline in sugarcane cultivation expected, the contribution from Page 8 of 24 bagasse including additional electricity from drying of bagasse is expected to be at around 330 GWh by 2030. 3.1.2 Cane Trash (Straw) After sugarcane is harvested, the cane tops and leaves (cane trash/straw) are left in the field. The straw represents a good source of biomass for electricity production in the same installation that burns bagasse. Cane straw is currently being burnt in two power plants after successful trials. However, it is not being exploited due to the lack of financial incentives. The collection of the cane trash is challenging as it involves baling, transporting. unloading and shredding. Moreover, the cane trash must be collected within approximately one week before the cane start growing. Though challenging, the collection is much easier in mechanized land but collection in non-mechanized land is not impossible if there is a proper remuneration mechanism. Taking into consideration all the sugar field available (mechanized and non- mechanized), around 90 GWh can be produced annually with current conditions from cane trash 3.1.3 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is widely used as a source of fuel in many countries. The MSw in Mauritius comprises of 48% of kitchen and yard waste, which make the MSW very humid with a moisture content of around 33% whereby affecting its energy content. The kitchen and yard waste is more suitable for composting or anaerobic digestion. Therefore, only Refuse Derived Fuel, which are combustibles with low moisture content and high energy content namely, paper, textile and plastics waste (excluding polystyrene) are considered for electricity production. This is conditional to the application of strict environmentally-friendly technologies. Ik is expected that around 150 GWh can be produced per year from RDF if the policy decision is adopted and if environmental issues are addressed. 3.1.4 Biogas Kitchen and yard waste are part of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and around 600 tonnes is generated daily. Based on the waste to energy (WTE - biogas) climate change mitigation scenario elaborated in a previous study. about 500 tonnes of waste are expected to be possibly directed towards the WTE plant per day. This will produce around 30 GWh of electricity yearly as a conservative estimate. It should be noted that the production of
Transcribed Image Text:3. Potential of Renewable Energy Coal has been an important source of energy in the energy mix where it contributes around 1300 GWh annually representing around 40% of electricity in the energy mix. The objective of this Discussion Paper is to look strategically at the potential of replacing and phasing out of coal by local available resources. Being a Small Island Developing State with limited resources, Mauritius depends on the importation of fossil fuel, namely coal and oil to meet its energy demand. With increase in freight cost and fossil fuel prices, the cost of importation of the fossil fuel is becoming an economic burden. Nothing is highlighted more than this than when we face geopolitical crises impacting on the price of imported fossil fuels, not to mention the worsening of the situation with the depreciation of the rupee. The potential consequences on the economy are significant. Additionally, with the international commitment with respect to climate change mitigation. Mauritius is bound to switch to more renewable energy resources to meet its energy demand. The following local resources can be further explored in order to achieve the set objectives: 3.1 Bioenergy Bioenergy is a source of renewable energy produced from natural sources such as energy crops. biomass, wastes and by-products among others. Electricity produced from bioenergy is firm power and therefore it overcomes the challenges with intermittent power compared to solar and wind. Some 400 GWh was produced in 2020 and it is therefore expected to play a crucial role in decarbonising the energy systems. Currently, bagasse and landfill gas are the only source of bioenergy in Mauritius, which represent around 14% in the electricity mix. The following bioenergy sources can be explored to increase the share of bioenergy with currently available technology: 3.1I Bagasse Electricity production from bagasse is a mature technology in Mauritius where more than 300 GWh is being produced. The main disadvantage of bagasse is that it is available only during crop season, with also a decreasing availability noted as area under cane cultivation drops drastically. Although bagasse is fully exploited, this can be done more efficiently. Drying of bagasse by flue gas will decrease its moisture content whereby improving its energy content. Drying of bagasse can improve the electricity output by 10% with the existing plants. Moreover, cultivation of high biomass cane can result in higher bagasse yield without compromising the sugar yield. This potential requires further consideration as well as the switching to higher pressure boilers where applicable. It is expected that drying of bagasse can produce an additional 30 GWh of electricity per year, as a conservative estimate with consideration of measures implementable before 2030 with existing facilities. With a decline in sugarcane cultivation expected, the contribution from Page 8 of 24 bagasse including additional electricity from drying of bagasse is expected to be at around 330 GWh by 2030. 3.1.2 Cane Trash (Straw) After sugarcane is harvested, the cane tops and leaves (cane trash/straw) are left in the field. The straw represents a good source of biomass for electricity production in the same installation that burns bagasse. Cane straw is currently being burnt in two power plants after successful trials. However, it is not being exploited due to the lack of financial incentives. The collection of the cane trash is challenging as it involves baling, transporting. unloading and shredding. Moreover, the cane trash must be collected within approximately one week before the cane start growing. Though challenging, the collection is much easier in mechanized land but collection in non-mechanized land is not impossible if there is a proper remuneration mechanism. Taking into consideration all the sugar field available (mechanized and non- mechanized), around 90 GWh can be produced annually with current conditions from cane trash 3.1.3 Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is widely used as a source of fuel in many countries. The MSw in Mauritius comprises of 48% of kitchen and yard waste, which make the MSW very humid with a moisture content of around 33% whereby affecting its energy content. The kitchen and yard waste is more suitable for composting or anaerobic digestion. Therefore, only Refuse Derived Fuel, which are combustibles with low moisture content and high energy content namely, paper, textile and plastics waste (excluding polystyrene) are considered for electricity production. This is conditional to the application of strict environmentally-friendly technologies. Ik is expected that around 150 GWh can be produced per year from RDF if the policy decision is adopted and if environmental issues are addressed. 3.1.4 Biogas Kitchen and yard waste are part of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and around 600 tonnes is generated daily. Based on the waste to energy (WTE - biogas) climate change mitigation scenario elaborated in a previous study. about 500 tonnes of waste are expected to be possibly directed towards the WTE plant per day. This will produce around 30 GWh of electricity yearly as a conservative estimate. It should be noted that the production of
production. This is conditional to the application of strict environmentally-friendly technologies. It is expected that around 150 GWh can be produced per year from RDF if the policy decision is adopted and if environmental issues are addressed. 3.1.4 Biogas Kitchen and yard waste are part of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and around 600 tonnes is generated daily. Based on the waste to energy (WTE - biogas) climate change mitigation scenario elaborated in a previous study, about 500 tonnes of waste are expected to be possibly directed towards the WTE plant per day. This will produce around 30 GWh of electricity yearly as a conservative estimate. It should be noted that the production of electricity from biogas will certainly avoid the 500 tonnes to the landfill which will tackle one environmental problem but at the same time it will reduce significantly, if not eliminate, the electricity being produced from the landfill gas to energy plant. It is understood that again environmental and even social considerations related to sustainability have also to be integrated in the decision-making process. 3.15 Other biomasses There is around 47000 ha of forest in Mauritius that can supply wood (pine and eucalyptus) for electricity production. The growth cycle of forest trees is long unlike sugarcane and therefore Page 9 of 24 the forest trees at a particular location cannot be harvested annually. It is assumed that only 10% of the forest can be harvested annually. Based on the forest wood and waste wood, a conservative amount of 100 GWh is expected to be achieved per year, considering only the local technical potential. The possibility of combusting such biomasses in existing boilers in power plants is real but the business models must be developed for the projects to go ahead. 3.2 Solar Solar Photovoltaics (PV) has become the world's fastest growing energy technology with 100 GW installed in 2018 to reach a global cumulative installed capacity of 512 GW in 2018, 627 GW in 2019 and some 727 GW in 2020. PV technology has already proven itself with reliable output over its lifetime and can provide competitive prices of Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) with respect to other technologies. Costs of PV systems have fallen by more than 70% since 2008 and their LCOE will continue to decline, supported by economies of scale and with ongoing innovation. Module prices declined by about 29% in 2018, resulting to a global average of 224 cents per watt. Record power purchase agreements (PPAS) and tenders continued during 2018, with some announcements of prices in the range of USD 20 per MWh. While the world has been experiencing such an incredibly high penetration rate of solar power in electrical grids, Mauritius has not been an exception. In a bid to promote the RE technologies, regulatory mechanisms and instruments are required to facilitate interconnection with the grid. As such, the Government of Mauritius introduced several mechanisms along with grid codes. While the former also acts as incentives, grid codes describe the technical requirements and procedures for connection to the grid. Since the year 2010 some seventeen different schemes have been launched by the Central Electricity Board (CEB) to allow the connection of renewable energy power system to the utility grid. The schemes and targeted capacity are shown in Figure 3. The connection mechanisms are provided in their respective grid codes, which detail all the processes and the mandatory technical requirements of the system. The business models referred to as schemes set out the revenue streams, the cost structures, and the project financing mechanisms. While small scale systems are normally self-funded by customers, financing of medium and large-scale systems is more complex. The system owners tend to seek finance from several sources such as banks or other investors. Hence, bankability or acceptance of the project to the investor becomes critical. Given the local solar resource availability and favourable conditions for deployment of PV projects, the latter has been the only type of renewable energy technology, which has seen connection as small and medium scale technologies in Mauritius. In Mauritius, PV systems are classified as small scale (< 50 kW). medium scale (50 kW - 2 MW) and large scale (> 2 MVw). Page 10 of 24 SMART CITY RENEWABLE ENERGY (SSOG/MSDG PUBLIC SECTOR ENTITES RE SCHEME ISSOG/MSDG) MSDG RE Project SSOG Net-iing Scheme SSDG SCHEME For Religious Bodies SSOG SCHEME For Non GovetLo ood SSDG Solar Photovoltaic Rebate Scheme for SM
Transcribed Image Text:production. This is conditional to the application of strict environmentally-friendly technologies. It is expected that around 150 GWh can be produced per year from RDF if the policy decision is adopted and if environmental issues are addressed. 3.1.4 Biogas Kitchen and yard waste are part of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and around 600 tonnes is generated daily. Based on the waste to energy (WTE - biogas) climate change mitigation scenario elaborated in a previous study, about 500 tonnes of waste are expected to be possibly directed towards the WTE plant per day. This will produce around 30 GWh of electricity yearly as a conservative estimate. It should be noted that the production of electricity from biogas will certainly avoid the 500 tonnes to the landfill which will tackle one environmental problem but at the same time it will reduce significantly, if not eliminate, the electricity being produced from the landfill gas to energy plant. It is understood that again environmental and even social considerations related to sustainability have also to be integrated in the decision-making process. 3.15 Other biomasses There is around 47000 ha of forest in Mauritius that can supply wood (pine and eucalyptus) for electricity production. The growth cycle of forest trees is long unlike sugarcane and therefore Page 9 of 24 the forest trees at a particular location cannot be harvested annually. It is assumed that only 10% of the forest can be harvested annually. Based on the forest wood and waste wood, a conservative amount of 100 GWh is expected to be achieved per year, considering only the local technical potential. The possibility of combusting such biomasses in existing boilers in power plants is real but the business models must be developed for the projects to go ahead. 3.2 Solar Solar Photovoltaics (PV) has become the world's fastest growing energy technology with 100 GW installed in 2018 to reach a global cumulative installed capacity of 512 GW in 2018, 627 GW in 2019 and some 727 GW in 2020. PV technology has already proven itself with reliable output over its lifetime and can provide competitive prices of Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) with respect to other technologies. Costs of PV systems have fallen by more than 70% since 2008 and their LCOE will continue to decline, supported by economies of scale and with ongoing innovation. Module prices declined by about 29% in 2018, resulting to a global average of 224 cents per watt. Record power purchase agreements (PPAS) and tenders continued during 2018, with some announcements of prices in the range of USD 20 per MWh. While the world has been experiencing such an incredibly high penetration rate of solar power in electrical grids, Mauritius has not been an exception. In a bid to promote the RE technologies, regulatory mechanisms and instruments are required to facilitate interconnection with the grid. As such, the Government of Mauritius introduced several mechanisms along with grid codes. While the former also acts as incentives, grid codes describe the technical requirements and procedures for connection to the grid. Since the year 2010 some seventeen different schemes have been launched by the Central Electricity Board (CEB) to allow the connection of renewable energy power system to the utility grid. The schemes and targeted capacity are shown in Figure 3. The connection mechanisms are provided in their respective grid codes, which detail all the processes and the mandatory technical requirements of the system. The business models referred to as schemes set out the revenue streams, the cost structures, and the project financing mechanisms. While small scale systems are normally self-funded by customers, financing of medium and large-scale systems is more complex. The system owners tend to seek finance from several sources such as banks or other investors. Hence, bankability or acceptance of the project to the investor becomes critical. Given the local solar resource availability and favourable conditions for deployment of PV projects, the latter has been the only type of renewable energy technology, which has seen connection as small and medium scale technologies in Mauritius. In Mauritius, PV systems are classified as small scale (< 50 kW). medium scale (50 kW - 2 MW) and large scale (> 2 MVw). Page 10 of 24 SMART CITY RENEWABLE ENERGY (SSOG/MSDG PUBLIC SECTOR ENTITES RE SCHEME ISSOG/MSDG) MSDG RE Project SSOG Net-iing Scheme SSDG SCHEME For Religious Bodies SSOG SCHEME For Non GovetLo ood SSDG Solar Photovoltaic Rebate Scheme for SM
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