In 2020, Canada’s federal, provincial, and municipal governments implemented lockdowns and travel restrictions. During this time, the federal government also provided Canada Emergency Response Benefits (CERB) of $500 per week to individuals who had lost their jobs due to lockdowns. The Bank of Canada also reduced the Overnight Rate Target from 0.75 percent to 0.25 percent and provided financing to the Government of Canada. Explain clearly how these events affect inflation.
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- In 2020, Canada’s federal, provincial, and municipal governments implemented lockdowns and travel restrictions. During this time, the federal government also provided Canada Emergency Response Benefits (CERB) of $500 per week to individuals who had lost their jobs due to lockdowns. The Bank of Canada also reduced the Overnight Rate Target from 0.75 percent to 0.25 percent and provided financing to the Government of Canada. Explain clearly how these events affect inflation.
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- For the first time since 2006, the Federal Reserve voted to raise interest rates by a one-quarter percentage point in December 2015. Prior to this increase, interest rates had remained between the 0.00% - 0.25% range, an area called “the zero lower bound.” The Federal Reserve had driven interest rates down that low as a means of helping the economy get back on its feet after the Financial Crisis. The reasoning was that consumers and businesses needed access to loans so that production could turn around. (Consumers take out loans to buy high price items like cars and homes. Businesses use loans as a means of expanding their business. In both instance, more goods will be produced.) The increase in 2015 moved rates to the 0.25% - 0.50% range. As of October 2018, interest rates have moved to 1.00% - 1.25% range. For this discussion board, I want you to do some research into the “Financial Crisis.” Why did it occur? Can you characterize the behavior of the financial sector that led to the…At the end of 2020 and the beginning of 2021, coupon rates on long-term T-notes and T-bonds were near historic lows. Further, the federal government was running a historically large budget deficit in an effort to stimulate an economy battered by COVID-19 and to support millions of unemployed workers. Some investment advisers warned that this could be a particularly bad time to invest in government bonds or bonds in general. Why?In 1999, the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense projected that the ENR Building Cost Index (BCI) would increase from its 1999 value of 3423 to 4098 in 2012. If the actual value in 2012 was 5167, what was the difference between the projected and actual BCI annual inflation rates from 1999 to 2012?
- Suppose that Australians in 2017 expect inflation to equal 7 percent in 2018, but, in fact, prices rise by 5 percent in 2018. Explain how would this unexpected inflation rate help or hurt the following in 2018: (a) Lender of a fixed interest rate loan. (b) Borrower with a fixed interest rate loan. (c) An investor pays capital gain tax on his investment property that he sold. (d) A worker who signed a three-year labour contract in 2017 and this contract specifies his wages he will receive over the contractual period. (e) A graduate repaying his interest-free study loan he borrowed from the government.A U.S. company can borrow 10,000 pounds in Great Britain for 6% interest, paying back 10,600 pounds in one year. Alternatively, the U.S. company can borrow an equivalent amount of U.S dollars in the United States and pay 13% interest. Assuming capital markets are efficient, estimate the expected inflation rate in the United States if inflation in Great Britain is expected to be zero.The International Monetary Fund, the IMF, has forecasted that the global economy is likely to experience a contraction of 3% in 2020, due to the ravages of the COVID-19 pandemic on both developing and advanced economies. Investors believe that The Deutsche Bundesbank, the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany, will employ direct foreign intervention strategies in the future, to minimize the economic fallout and increase the volume of exports. Assume the following information: 1 - year U.S. interest rate = 3% 1- year German interest rate = 6% Spot rate of euro = $1.09 Compute the profit and yield to the investor who stands to benefit from covered interest arbitrage.
- The International Monetary Fund, the IMF, has forecasted that the global economy is likely to experience a contraction of 3% in 2020, due to the ravages of the COVID-19 pandemic on both developing and advanced economies. Investors believe that The Deutsche Bundesbank, the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany, will employ direct foreign intervention strategies in the future, to minimize the economic fallout and increase the volume of exports. Assume the following information: 1 - year U.S. interest rate = 3% 1- year German interest rate = 6% Spot rate of euro = $1.09 Draw a diagram to illustrate your understanding of the relationship between interest rate parity and covered interest rate arbitrage and the interplay of market forces that will occur to eliminate arbitrage opportunities.The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of Bank Negara Malaysia decided to reduce the Overnight Policy Rate (OPR) by 25 basis points to 2.50% on the 3rd of March 2020. The reduction in the OPR is intended to provide a more accommodative monetary environment to support the projected improvement in economic growth amid price stability. BNM will continue to monitor and assess the balance of risks surrounding the outlook for domestic growth and inflation. The reduction in the OPR came largely in line with economists’ expectations. This is the second cut so far this year. In January, Bank Negara reduced the OPR by 25 basis points to 2.75% -- the lowest since 2011. Two years ago, Malayawata Steel issued RM 100 million worth of ten-year bonds with a face value of RM1,000.00 and a coupon rate of 5%. Coupon payments are made semi-annually. Two years ago, the market yield-to-maturity was 3% pa. Due to the increased insecurity facing the industry, the market yield to maturity is now 7% p.a.…The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of Bank Negara Malaysia decided to reduce the Overnight Policy Rate (OPR) by 25 basis points to 2.50% on the 3rd of March 2020. The reduction in the OPR is intended to provide a more accommodative monetary environment to support the projected improvement in economic growth amid price stability. BNM will continue to monitor and assess the balance of risks surrounding the outlook for domestic growth and inflation. The reduction in the OPR came largely in line with economists’ expectations. This is the second cut so far this year. In January, Bank Negara reduced the OPR by 25 basis points to 2.75% -- the lowest since 2011. Two years ago, Malayawata Steel issued RM 100 million worth of ten-year bonds with a face value of RM1,000.00 and a coupon rate of 5%. Coupon payments are made semi-annually. Two years ago, the market yield-to-maturity was 3% pa. Due to the increased insecurity facing the industry, the market yield to maturity is now 7% p.a. a)…
- U.S. total public debt stood at $27.7 trillion as of Q4 2020 or about $86,000 per person in the US. It seems that this number is very large and we should be concerned about it. a. When we start to think about who actually owns U.S. debt, does $27.7 trillion seem like the appropriate figure for how much debt we owe to private individuals or organizations? b. Many people do not want increases in federal deficits and debt because they fear that their grandkids and future generations in general will have to pay it back. Why should they not worry about this?In the United Kingdom, the inflation rate is 1.8 per cent per year and that T-bills currently yield 2.1 per cent annually. What do you estimate the inflation rate to be in Australia if short-term Australian government securities yield 4 per cent per year?Slowistan is a very small country whose currency is the US dollar. On Jan 1 2021 the price of a stock S was quoted for sale on the Slowistan stock market at $37. Slowistan’s stock market settlement convention is T + 3 months. Suppose all interest rates are 5% per month, no matter how many days in the month, to be compounded for longer periods. How would they quote the stock price if Slowistan suddenly changes its settlement convention to T+ 2 months? Assume the year consists of 12 months each 30 days long.