In Surtsey Island, Iceland, how are biotic factors causing changes in abiotic factors? Surtsey Island, IcelandANNOTATION GUIDE:Highlight details that provide "clues," like events, appearance of different species, etc, that helpdetermine if this case study is an example of primary succession or secondary successionWrite comments that explain how these details connect to primary or secondarysuccessionWrite a comment on the different species mentioned, stating if they are primary,intermediary, or climax species.Underline and label biotic factors and abiotic factorsAdditional Resources:Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e73ueslwOLcVideo-based Images: https://vimeo.com/61853885World Heritage Site: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1267/In 1963, an underwater volcano erupted off ofthe southern coast of Iceland. Subsequenteruptions continued for several years, eventuallycreating a new volcanic island that isapproximately 500 feet above sea level. As themagma from the eruption cooled and solidified,the new island developed a barren, rocky terrain.This new island, called Surtsey, was at firstlifeless. Plants could not grow on the bare rock, thus limiting habitat for new animalsthat found their way to the island. One of the first colonizers of Surtsey werephytoplankton that surrounded the edges of the island. These phytoplankton attractedfish and eventually birds to begin visiting the outskirts of this new land mass found 32kilometers of the southern coast of Iceland.Eventually, visiting birds, marine mammals, andwind brought seeds to Surtsey Island. However,without soil, most of these seeds failed togerminate. About five years after the formation ofthe island, organisms called lichen and somemosses began to grow on the rocky surface. Lichenare formed from a symbiotic relationship between afungus and an algae. Although lichens are notplants, they are able to produce their own foodthrough photosynthesis. Lichen have root-like filaments that are able to attach to, and break down, bare rock to extract nutrients. Overtime, the action of the lichen on Surtsey created a thin layer of soil.As soil began to accumulate on the island, smallgrass-like plants started to grow providing someshelter for nesting birds. Additionally, grasses andplants provided habitat for insects, which began toestablish themselves after being brought to theisland through the action of waves, wind, andbirds. As the small plants and lichen died anddecomposed, the amount and quality of the soilon the island began to increase.Approximately thirty years after the formation ofSurtsey, the first bush was seen growing on theisland, a tea-leaved willow. As the grasses andsmall bushes continued to grow, they oftenout-competed the founding lichen anddominated some areas of the island. As theseplants lived and eventually died, they alsodecomposed contributing to the developing soil.By 2008, almost seventy species of plants werefound on Surtsey, along with thriving insect populations (including spiders) and severalcolonies of nesting seabirds. The emergence of Surtsey island has provided a uniqueopportunity for scientists to observe how ecosystems develop and change over time.

Question

In Surtsey Island, Iceland, how are biotic factors causing changes in abiotic factors? Surtsey Island, IcelandANNOTATION GUIDE:Highlight details that provide &#34;clues,&#34; like events, appearance of different species, etc, that helpdetermine if this case study is an example of primary succession or secondary successionWrite comments that explain how these details connect to primary or secondarysuccessionWrite a comment on the different species mentioned, stating if they are primary,intermediary, or climax species.Underline and label biotic factors and abiotic factorsAdditional Resources:Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e73ueslwOLcVideo-based Images: https://vimeo.com/61853885World Heritage Site: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1267/In 1963, an underwater volcano erupted off ofthe southern coast of Iceland. Subsequenteruptions continued for several years, eventuallycreating a new volcanic island that isapproximately 500 feet above sea level. As themagma from the eruption cooled and solidified,the new island developed a barren, rocky terrain.This new island, called Surtsey, was at firstlifeless. Plants could not grow on the bare rock, thus limiting habitat for new animalsthat found their way to the island. One of the first colonizers of Surtsey werephytoplankton that surrounded the edges of the island. These phytoplankton attractedfish and eventually birds to begin visiting the outskirts of this new land mass found 32kilometers of the southern coast of Iceland.Eventually, visiting birds, marine mammals, andwind brought seeds to Surtsey Island. However,without soil, most of these seeds failed togerminate. About five years after the formation ofthe island, organisms called lichen and somemosses began to grow on the rocky surface. Lichenare formed from a symbiotic relationship between afungus and an algae. Although lichens are notplants, they are able to produce their own foodthrough photosynthesis. Lichen have root-like filaments that are able to attach to, and break down, bare rock to extract nutrients. Overtime, the action of the lichen on Surtsey created a thin layer of soil.As soil began to accumulate on the island, smallgrass-like plants started to grow providing someshelter for nesting birds. Additionally, grasses andplants provided habitat for insects, which began toestablish themselves after being brought to theisland through the action of waves, wind, andbirds. As the small plants and lichen died anddecomposed, the amount and quality of the soilon the island began to increase.Approximately thirty years after the formation ofSurtsey, the first bush was seen growing on theisland, a tea-leaved willow. As the grasses andsmall bushes continued to grow, they oftenout-competed the founding lichen anddominated some areas of the island. As theseplants lived and eventually died, they alsodecomposed contributing to the developing soil.By 2008, almost seventy species of plants werefound on Surtsey, along with thriving insect populations (including spiders) and severalcolonies of nesting seabirds. The emergence of Surtsey island has provided a uniqueopportunity for scientists to observe how ecosystems develop and change over time.

Accepted Answer

The two kinds of ecological succession—primary and secondary—determine the types of forces at play.…