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- Compare and contrast the exotoxins and endotoxin. What are the limitations in their detection by molecular methods?COMPARISON BETWEEN IMPACT OF SPANISH INFLUENZA 1918 AND COVID-19?Within the light organ, bacteria are protected and nourished, and rapidly increase in number. At night, theyprovide the light needed for counterillumination. But by dawn, as the squid prepares to hide in the sand forthe day, it ejects about 95% of the bacteria from the light organ. a) Write a possible explanation for why eliminating 95% of the bacteria present in the light organ isnecessary. b) Once the light organ is colonized, the squid no longer takes in Vibrio fischeri or other bacteria from theenvironment. Explain how a sufficiently large population of bacteria can be maintained in the light organto produce light.
- With the help of two (2) examples, define antibiotics.Describe in detail the kinetics of phage infection followed by host lysis in bacteria. with examplesDescribe several cytopathic effects of viruses. What causes thechanged appearance of the host cell, and how might it be used todiagnose viral infections?
- Is there a correlation between the speed of a viral infection and its potential mortality rate? Explain.Describe the lines of proof Robert Koch used to definitivelyassociate the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis with thedisease tuberculosis. How would his proof have been flawedif any of the tools he developed for studying bacterialdiseases had not been available for his study of tuberculosis?How different is thegrowth according to the bioticpotential of a viral populationfrom the growth according tothe biotic potential of abacterial population?
- Influenza, herpes, covid, hiv, ebola Choose one pathogen, briefly and mechanistically explain how its latency works. How is latency helpful to this pathogen? What challenges does it overcome through its latency?PART C (cont'd) Which of the following steps (on this page and the next page) would be necessary to determine the most effective antibiotic for a bacterial infection using the Disk Diffusion Assay? Select three necessary steps and three unnecessary or incorrect steps, and explain why it is or is not necessarv/correct. Collect a sample of bacteria from the infected patient. Collect samples of bacteria from the bathroom taps in the patient's room. Collect samples of bacteria from other patients who seem to have the same infection. Soak disks in many different types of antibiotic. Soak disks in the antibiotic you have the biggest supply ot. Label the disks with the type of antibiotic you soaked them in.PART C (cont'd) Which of the following steps (on this page and the next page) would be necessary to determine the most effective antibiotic for a bacterial infection using the Disk Diffusion Assay? Select three necessary steps and three unnecessary or incorrect steps, and explain why it is or is not necessarv/correct. Collect a sample of bacteria from the infected patient. Collect samples of bacteria from the bathroom taps in the patient's room. Collect samples of bacteria from other patients who seem to have the same infection. Soak disks in many different types of antibiotic. Soak disks in the antibiotic you have the biggest supply ot. Label the disks with the type of antibiotic you soaked them in. • Leave the petri dishes uncovered while the bacteria grow. , cover the petri dishes while the bacteria grow. Treat the bacterial culture with a disinfectant before spreading on the agar plate Wear personal protective equipment (gloves, mask, lab coat) while performing the procedure Wear…