It is 25 July 2022; you observe two treasury bills Maturity Price 25 September 2022 99.7985 25 March 2023 98.3855 (a) What are appropriate discount factors for 2 months and 8 months? (b) What are the spot rates, with semi-annual compounding, for 2 months and 8 months? (c) What would be a fair price for a bond, maturing on 25 March 2023, paying a 5% per annum coupon rate, with a semi-annual coupon? (d) Now suppose that you observed a bond, maturing on 25 Septem- ber 2023, paying a 1% per annum coupon rate (with semi-annual coupons), trading at a yield to maturity of 2.75%. Use the DMO formula to calculate the bond's price. (e) What is an appropriate discount factor for 25 September 2023? (f) Calculate forward rates (with semi-annual compounding) from 25 September 2022 to 25 March 2023, and from 25 March 2023 to 25 September 2023.

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Market Efficiency

Market efficiency refers to the market's ability to provide investors with all available information about investment options for buying and selling securities. Market efficiency reflects the true value of securities without undervaluing or overvaluing them. When the quality and quantity of information increase, the market becomes more efficient, allowing it to reduce arbitrage and obtain higher market returns from investment. In a well-functioning market, everyone receives all information completely and immediately at no cost. It opens up a plethora of opportunities for investors to access various investment options.