Let V be a vector space, F a collection of subspaces of V with the following property: If X,Y EF. then there exists a ZEF such that XUY CZ. Prove that UrerU is a subspace of V.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
Question 1
![1)
Let V be a vector space, F a collection of subspaces of V with the following
property: If X.YE F. then there exists a ZE F such that XUY C Z. Prove
that UrerU is a subspace of V.
Let V be a vector space and assume that U, W are proper subspaces of V
2)
and that U is not a subset of W and W is not a subset of U. Prove that UUWV
is closed under scalar multiplication but is not a subspace of V.
3)
Give an example of a vector space V and non-trivial subspaces X.Y, Z of
V such that V = X@Y =X Z but Y Z. (Hint: You can find examples
in R2.)
4)
Let X, Y, Z be subspaces of a vector space V and assume that Y CX.
Prove that Xn(Y+Z) = Y + (XnZ). This is known as the modular law of
subspaces.
5) For each of the following subsets of F, determine whether it is a subspace of
F: (where F is either C, R,or Q
a)
X2
X+
2x2 + 3x3 = 0;
%3D
b) *2 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 4
c)
X2
d)
X2
5x3
%3D
6) Suppose b ER. Show that the set of continuous real-valued functions f on the
intervai [0,1] such that , f(x) dx = b is a subspace of (C[0,1], R), the collection
of all continuous functions (0,1] from to IR, if and only if b = 0.
KSTAN
7) Suppose that U =
EFx, y E F, , where F is either C, R,or Q. One can
show that U is a subspace of F4you don't have to! Find a subspace V of F
with F = U O V.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fcfc5bdab-6654-444e-b9d5-5fc4b8470fbb%2F31b83c6e-4b34-4b10-8a3a-f119850be9cd%2Flqjtgsb_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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