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- PLEASE WRITE ALL STEPS OUT. STEP BY STEP The recombination frequency between the A and B loci above is 32%. An offspring of the cross AABB x aabb is crossed in a test cross. How many progeny with the genotype Aabb would you expect out of 100 progeny from this test cross? O 16 O 32 68 34Calculate the Chi square for cross 1 and cross 2 from the data in the attached image. Cross1: Phenotypes Ratio Observed Expected (O-E)2/E Totals X2 = Cross 2: Phenotypes Ratio Observed Expected (O-E)2/E Totals X2 =What is a meaning of genetic linkage? How this test is used? Describe the meaning of SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and genetic distance identification which is used in genetic analysis. Knowing that recombination events occur more or less at random along the length of chromosomes, in which case the recombination will occur more frequently between the genes during meiosis: if two genes are closer together two genes are far away from each other there is no impact based on location of two genes. What is a definition of DNA polymorphism and how can this be used for linkage studies? What is a definition of DNA polymorphism and how can this be used for linkage studies?
- Three linked loci are evaluated to determine the recombination frequency of the loci. To set up the test cross, an individual that is true breeding dominant for all three phenotypes is crossed with an individual that is true breeding recessive for all three phenotypes. F1 offspring are crossed with individuals that are recessive for all phenotypes. The phenotypic results are shown in the table below. Phenotype Number of Offspring Dominant 1, Dominant 2, Dominant 3 322 Dominant 1, Dominant 2, Recessive 3 82 Recessive 1, Dominant 2, Recessive 3 5 Dominant 1, Recessive 2, Dominant 3 2 Recessive 1, Dominant 2, Dominant 3 28 Recessive 1, Recessive 2, Dominant 3 89 Recessive 1, Recessive 2, Recessive 3 312 Dominant 1, Recessive 2, Recessive 3 25 1. Which two phenotypes are parental? 2. What is the map distance between locus 1 and locus 2? 3. What is the map distance between locus 1 and locus 3? 4. What is the map distance between…Two linked loci have a recombination frequency of 5%. A series of crosses is performed. The P generation includes an individual that is homozygous dominant for trait 1 and homozygous recessive for trait 2. The second individual is homozygous recessive for trait 1 and homozygous dominant for trait 2. The F1 generation is crossed with individuals that are homozygous recessive for both traits. If 400 F2 offspring are produced, how many offspring with each phenotype are expected? Fill in the table below with your answers. Phenotype Number of Offspring Predicted Recessive 1, Recessive 2 Dominant 1, Dominant 2 Recessive 1, Dominant 2 Dominant 1, Recessive 2 Total offspring 400 For the results above, determine which phenotypes are parental and which are recombinant. Phenotype Parental or Recombinant? Dominant 1, Dominant 2 Recessive 1, Dominant 2 Recessive 1, Recessive 2 Dominant 1, Recessive 2please DEFINE your genotypic symbols, then list the most probable genotype of each of the individuals indicated. Allele associated with the trait being studied: ________ Allele associated with the “normal” version of this trait: __________ I-1: _________ I-2: ___________ II-1: ________ II-5-6: ________ II-13: ____________ II-14: _____________
- Mendelian GeneticsF1 Cross: Yellow, Round x Green, Round GgWw x ggWWCharacter: Pea color & shapeUse Punnett square and fork-line method to check the F2.Show and interpret all the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offsprings. Mendelian GeneticsF1 Cross: Tall, White, Axial x Dwarf, Violet, Terminal DdwwAA x ddWWaaCharacter: Stem height, Flower color & positionUse fork-line method to check the F2.Show and interpret all the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offsprings. I. For A and B,1. Identify the type of inheritance. Justify your answer.2. Decode the genotypes of the individuals in the pedigree. (Use letter A for representation of alleles.)3. List down all affected individuals.B.A.In a monogenic genotype, the frequency of a homozygous wild type trait is 64%. What is the frequency of a homozygous mutant genotype? Show your work.In goats, black fur is dominant to red fur. The gene for this trait can be described as Bb (if you forgot why this is so, go back and reread the background information at the beginning of this exercise). A homozygous black female goat (nanny) is crossed with a heterozygous male (billy). 1 What is the genotype of the nanny? Fill input: What is the phenotype of the nanny?
- Consider the parental cross rY x RR, where r is the trait/disease allele, and R is the wild-type allele. The mode of inheritance is sex-linked recessive. Compute the ratios (Wild-type/non-disease phenotype):(Disease phenotype) for the F1 and F2 generations. Check the syllabus to see what formats are allowable for submission (e.g., pdf, docx, etc). Note: if you use a text editor like Notepad, you must use Courier New font. Also, you must show all work, akin to the work shown in the pdf lecture. Hint: In the F1 generation, individuals can only mate with the opposite gender.Please help with the following: How does penetrance differ from expressivity in genetics? A. Penetrance is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype that exhibit the expected phenotype while expressivity is the degree to which a phenotypic character is expressed. B. Penetrance is the degree of lethality of a specific genotype while expressivity is how frequently that genotype is seen in the population. C. Penetrance is the presence of more than two alleles at a locus within a group of individuals while expressivity is the influence of sex on which alleles express themselves. D. None of the above. E. Penetrance refers to the paternal effects of a gene while expressivity refers to the maternal effects of a gene.What are the phenotypes? What is the ratio of those phenotypes? The phenotypes would be: (a) Yellow with smooth (b) Yellow with wrinkled 3:1 Part 2: Data Tables Table 1: Parent Genotypes: Monohybrid Crosses Generation Genotype of Individual #1 Genotype of Individual #2 P Yy Ss P1 Yy Ss P2 Yy ss P3 Yy SS P4 YY SS Table 2: Generation Data Produced by Monohybrid Crosses Generation Possible Offspring Genotypes Possible Offspring Phenotypes Genotype Ratio Phenotype Ratio P yySs P1 yySs P2 Yyss P3 YySS P4 YYSS Part 2: Post-Lab Questions How much genotypic variation do you find in the randomly picked parents of your crosses? How much in the offspring? Pool all of the offspring from your five replicates. How much phenotypic variation do you find? Is the ratio of observed…