Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. What is the estimated probability of a false positive test? 2. Suppose 10 women are given mammograms. What is the probability that at least 1 woman will have a false positive test? 3. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative is a screen negative woman who actually has breast cancer. False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all screening tests are false negatives. Suppose that there are 100 women who have breast cancer. What is the probability that at least 3 of them will not be detected by a mammogram? 4. Write down a computer command in either Excel, Stata, or R to determine the quantity in problem #3. (Only one is necessary). Specify the name of the command and all associated parameters to be able to perform the computation. 5. Suppose that 5% of all mammograms are obtained from women who truly have breast cancer. What is the proportion of mammograms that will yield test positive results?
Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. What is the estimated probability of a false positive test? 2. Suppose 10 women are given mammograms. What is the probability that at least 1 woman will have a false positive test? 3. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative is a screen negative woman who actually has breast cancer. False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all screening tests are false negatives. Suppose that there are 100 women who have breast cancer. What is the probability that at least 3 of them will not be detected by a mammogram? 4. Write down a computer command in either Excel, Stata, or R to determine the quantity in problem #3. (Only one is necessary). Specify the name of the command and all associated parameters to be able to perform the computation. 5. Suppose that 5% of all mammograms are obtained from women who truly have breast cancer. What is the proportion of mammograms that will yield test positive results?
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897, 0079039898, 2018
18th Edition
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:Carter
Chapter10: Statistics
Section10.3: Measures Of Spread
Problem 1GP
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