MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length that bind to mRNAs. Numerous protein-encoding genes are regulated by miRNAs, including those involved in the immune response. Research has shown that rejection of transplanted organs is associated with alterations in the expression of various genes. To determine whether a link exists between miRNA expression patterns and organ rejection, a team of scientists performed the following set of experiments. Experiment 1 MicroRNA levels were measured in the biopsy specimens of patients with normal transplanted kidneys and patients with kidneys that showed histologic features of acute rejection (AR). MicroRNA sequences are shown in Table 1. Table 1 miRNA levels Normalized miRNA Sequence miR-142-5p 5'-CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU-3' miR-155 5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU-3' Nucleotide Sequences for Mature miRNAs miRNA miR-223 miR-10b 5'-UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG-3' let-7c miR-30a-3p 5'-CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC-3' 5'-UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU-3' The results for the miRNAs analyzed are shown in Figure 1. 1.6T 1.4+ 1.2+ 1.0+ 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.2+ 0- 5'-CGUGUAUUUGACAAGCUGAGUU-3' miR-155 miR-142-5p I normal transplant acute rejection altı miR-223 miR-10b miR-30a-3p let-7c Figure 1 Expression levels of miRNAs in biopsy specimens of normal and AR kidney transplants (Note: miRNA levels are normalized to the small nucleolar RNA RNU44; * indicates p < 0.05.) Of these miRNAs, miR-142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 are highly expressed in normal lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas miR-30a-3p, miR-10b, and let-7c are highly expressed in normal human renal cells. Experiment 2 Using AR biopsy specimens, researchers measured the levels of CD3 (T cell) mRNA and CD20 (B cell) mRNA and determined that there was a positive correlation between these mRNA levels and the levels of miR- The association observed experimental miRNAs and mRNAs in AR kidney trans regulate the expression of genes implic response(s)? A. Adaptive immunity only OB. Humoral immunity only C. Innate and cell-mediated immu O D. Adaptive and innate immunity c

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs approximately 19-25 nucleotides in length that bind to mRNAs. Numerous protein-encoding genes are regulated by miRNAs, including those involved in the immune response. Research has shown that rejection of transplanted organs is associated with alterations in the expression of various genes. To determine whether a link exists between miRNA expression patterns and organ rejection, a team of scientists performed the following set of experiments. Experiment 1 MicroRNA levels were measured in the biopsy specimens of patients with normal transplanted kidneys and patients with kidneys that showed histologic features of acute rejection (AR). MicroRNA sequences are shown in Table 1. Table 1 miRNA levels Normalized miRNA Sequence miR-142-5p 5'-CAUAAAGUAGAAAGCACUACU-3' miR-155 5'-UUAAUGCUAAUCGUGAUAGGGGU-3' Nucleotide Sequences for Mature miRNAs miRNA miR-223 miR-10b 5'-UACCCUGUAGAACCGAAUUUGUG-3' let-7c miR-30a-3p 5'-CUUUCAGUCGGAUGUUUGCAGC-3' 5'-UGAGGUAGUAGGUUGUAUGGUU-3' The results for the miRNAs analyzed are shown in Figure 1. 1.6T 1.4+ 1.2+ 1.0+ 0.8+ 0.6+ 0.4+ 0.2+ 0- 5'-CGUGUAUUUGACAAGCUGAGUU-3' miR-155 miR-142-5p I normal transplant acute rejection altı miR-223 miR-10b miR-30a-3p let-7c Figure 1 Expression levels of miRNAs in biopsy specimens of normal and AR kidney transplants (Note: miRNA levels are normalized to the small nucleolar RNA RNU44; * indicates p < 0.05.) Of these miRNAs, miR-142-5p, miR-155, and miR-223 are highly expressed in normal lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas miR-30a-3p, miR-10b, and let-7c are highly expressed in normal human renal cells. Experiment 2 Using AR biopsy specimens, researchers measured the levels of CD3 (T cell) mRNA and CD20 (B cell) mRNA and determined that there was a positive correlation between these mRNA levels and the levels of miR- The association observed experimental miRNAs and mRNAs in AR kidney trans regulate the expression of genes implic response(s)? A. Adaptive immunity only OB. Humoral immunity only C. Innate and cell-mediated immu O D. Adaptive and innate immunity c

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter16: Gene Expression

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 18RQ: IS. Alternative splicing has been estimated to occur in more than 95% of multi-exon genes. Which of...

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