Normal backwardation maintains that, for most commodities, there are natural hedgers who desire to shed risk, and that speculators will enter the long side of the contract only if the futures price is below the expected spot price. True False
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- The ability to buy on margin is one advantage of futures. Another is the ease with which one can alter one’s holdings of the asset. This is especially important if one is dealing in commodities, for which the futures market is far more liquid than the spot market.The futures market is referred to as an auction market, whereby producers and suppliers of commodities endeavour to avoid market volatility; in other words, producers and suppliers negotiate contracts with an investor who agrees to take on probable risk and reward, based on the expected volatility of the market. Critically discuss the theoretical concept of futures contracts as a risk management tool, used by any would be investor to decrease future risk exposure or market volatility. What were the main reasons for this fall into the negative realm? Critically discuss. After May 2020, what are the prospects of futures contracts as a significant risk management tool for firms? Discuss critically.Discuss the factors giving rise to an inverted futures market for a storable versus a non-storable commodity. What are the implications for a hedger?
- Users of commodities are: a. Usually not participants in futures contracts. b. Speculators preferring to get the large returns which result from large risk. c. Buyers of futures d. Likely to take the short position in a futures contract.Hedger A and hedger B are hedging price risk in the same futures market, and hedger A is more risk averse than hedger B. Assume all the optimal hedge assumptions are satisfied. Which of the following is true about the optimal hedge size for hedger A and B? (i) Hedger A will hedge a greater proportion of their cash position than hedger B. (ii) Hedger A will hedge a smaller proportion of their cash position than hedger B. (iii) Hedger A is guaranteed to hedge 100% of their cash position. (iv) Hedger B is guaranteed to make a higher return than hedger A.Which of the following best describes the terms 'long position' and 'short position' in trading? A long position means expecting the asset's price to rise, and a short position means expecting it to fall. A short position is when a trader borrows an asset to sell, hoping to buy it back at a lower price, while a long position is when a trader buys an asset expecting its price to rise. A long position is when a trader sells an asset immediately, while a short position is holding it for a longer period. A long position indicates selling an asset, while a short position indicates buying it.
- Basis risk refers to the risk: a. associated with unanticipated price movements on the underlying asset. b. of default on the futures contract. c. associated with anticipated price movements in the cash market. d. from a change in the spread between the price on the commodity or financial security in the physical market and the price of the related futures contract.The basis is defined as the spot price minus the futures price. A trader is hedging the sale of an asset with a short futures position. The basis falls unexpectedly. Which of the following is TRUE? a. The hedger’s position worsens. b. The hedger’s position improves. c. The hedger’s position stays the same. d. The hedger’s position sometimes worsens and sometimes improves.Users of commodities are: Answer a. Usually not participants in futures contracts. b. Speculators preferring to get the large returns that result from large risk. c. Buyers of futures d. Likely to take the short position in a futures contract.
- If you have long position in one asset and you want to hedge the risk of price drop in that asset while still having the upside in case the asset price goes up, what sort of derivative trading will you do? Explain in brief with payoff diagram.Which is a key difference a manager should note in choosing between forward and futures contracts?a. Exchange trading makes forward contracts more liquid.b. Futures contracts carry standardized terms, while forward contracts can be tailored to meet specific needs.c. Futures contracts have greater default risk than forward contracts.d. Forward contracts require initial margin deposits and daily marking to market, while futures do not.My question is for a synthetic call option why do we need to borrow the present value of the strike price and what does it mean in a simple language explanation. Similarly why do we need to lend the present value of the stock at risk-free rate and what does it mean in simple language explanation? Please also clarify the significance of risk free rate? Why is it used in put call parity. Synthetic Call Option: If an investor believes that a call option is over-priced, then he/she can sell the call on the market and replicate a synthetic call. Borrow the present value of the strike price at the risk free rate and purchase the underlying stock and a put. Synthetic Put Option: Similar to the synthetic call option. A synthetic put can be created by re-arranging the put-call parity relationship, if the trader believes the put is overvalued. Synthetic Stock: A synthetic stock can also be created by rearranging the put-call parity identity. In this case, the investor will buy the…