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- Consider a binary code to distinguish the elements of a set {a, b, c, d}, with P(a) = 0.7, P(b)=0.15, P(c)=0.1 and P(d)=0.05. On average, how many bits will be used by a sequence of 20 elements confirming to the probability distribution given above. i.e. aaaaaaaaaaaaabbbccd Group of answer choices a. 18 b. 26 c. 2 d. 40A cryptography student has accidentally used the same keystream to encrypt two different messages, M1M1 and M2M2. We know that the ciphertexts are C1=0x4ab397cf20db1ce0C1=0x4ab397cf20db1ce0 and C2=0x2f7fded503744af5C2=0x2f7fded503744af5. We also happen to know that M1=0xbc66dac8daeee8e2M1=0xbc66dac8daeee8e2. a) What is M2M2 in hexadecimal? Please give your answer a leading 0x and use lowercase letters only. b) What is the keystream? Please give your answer a leading 0x and use lowercase letters only. Hint: These are all 8 byte numbers and will fit in an unsigned long type on most systems.Suppose N people want to communicate with each of N – 1 other people using symmetric key encryption. All communication between any two people, i and j, is visible to all other people in this group of N, and no other person in this group should be able to decode their communication. How many keys are required in the system as a whole? Now suppose that public key encryption is used. How many keys are required in this case?
- Messages are to be encoded using the RSA method, and the primes chosen are p “ 17 and q “ 19, so that n “ pq “ 323, and e “ 19. Thus, the public key is p323, 19q. (a) Show that the decryption exponent d (your private key) is 91.For the Zhou-Gollman non-repudiation protocol discussed in the lecture on “Non-Repudiationand Anonymity Protocols”, which one of the following statements is false:a) At time point 4, both A and B can produce evidence to prove that they received Kb) At time point 2, both A and B can produce evidence to prove that they received a signedmessage from the other partyc) At time point 0, S cannot prove anythingd) At time point 3, B cannot produce evidence to prove that A has access to key Ke) At time point 1, A can prove that B is alivef) At time point 4, S can prove that A is aliveg) At time point 3, S can produce evidence that that A has access to key Kh) At time point 0, A is not alivei) At time point 2, A can produce evidence to prove that B is alivej) At time point 4, the protocol terminatesIs it reasonable to assume that the probability of sending message m∊M is uniformly distributed over the message space M? How is this different from assuming that the key kis uniformly selected from the key space K
- What is the entropy of a source which outputs, every second, one of 5 possible messages, α, β, γ, δ and κ with a probability of pα = 1/2, pβ = 1/4, pγ = 1/8, pδ = 1/16 and pκ = 1/16? Suggest a coding method for this system. What is the source information rate? I get .875An old encryption system uses 20-bit keys. A cryptanalyst, who wants to brute-force attack theencryption system, is working on a computer system with a performance rate N keys per second. How many possible keys will be available in the above encryption system? What will be the maximum number of keys per second (N) that the computer system isworking with, if the amount of time needed to brute-force all the possible keys was 512 milliseconds? Show you detailed calculations.Encrypt the message " MATH " by translating the letters into numbersand then applying the encryption function given, and then translating the numbers back into letters.(a) f(p)=(17p+5) mod 26 _____ (b) f(p)=(15p+14) mod 26 ___ (c) f(p)=(19p+5) mod 26 ___Use A=0,B=1,C=2,D=3,E=4,F=5,G=6,H=7,I=8, J=9,K=10,L=11,M=12,N=13,O=14,P=15,Q=16,R=17, S=18,T=19,U=20,V=21,W=22,X=23,Y=24,Z=25
- (you should achieve O(n) time)When Bob wants to send Alice a message M on the Internet, he breaks M into n data packets, numbers the packets consecutively, and injects them into the network. When the packets arrive at Alice’s computer, they may be out of order, so Alice must assemble the sequence of n packets in order before she can be sure she has the entire message. Describe an efficient scheme for Alice to do this. What is the running time of this algorithm?One of the first recorded uses of statistics was in the 9th century by an Arab Muslim philosopher,Al-Kindi. He was studying cryptanalysis, or codebreaking, and realized that the most frequentlyoccurring letters in a cypher should correspond to the most frequently occurring letters in thealphabe. Determine and explain what the most frequently occurring letters are in the English alphabet and what their frequencies are. Explain how you would break this code. qnswtljruljynse! vnr ftnoc jmc qndc.An old encryption system uses 20-bit keys. A cryptanalyst, who wants to brute-force attack the encryption system, is working on a computer system with a performance rate N keys per second. a- How many possible keys will be available in the above encryption system? b- What will be the maximum number of keys per second (N) that the computer system is working with, if the amount of time needed to brute-force all the possible keys was 512 milli seconds? Show you detailed calculations.