On the Motorola 68020 microprocessor, a cache access takes two clock cycles. Data access from main memory over the bus to the processor takes three clock cycles in the case of no wait state insertion; the data are delivered to the processor in parallel with delivery to the cache. a. Calculate the effective length of a memory cycle given a hit ratio of 0.9 and a clocking rate of 16.67 MHz.
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- On a uniprocessor, portion A of program P consumes 24 seconds, while portion B consumes 822 seconds. On a parallel computer, moderately serial portion A speeds up 4 times, while perfectly parallel portion B speeds up by the number of processors. 1- What is the speedup of program P on 1,024 processors? _______ times 2- How many processors are required to achieve at least half the theoretical maximum possible speedup on P?I have a little bit problem with my late quiz for computer architecture, I get the answer from my lecturer but I still don't feel fully understand, can I ask for some help: In a computer system, the memory has 32 blocks and the cache has 8 blocks. Assume there is only one word per block with 4 bytes in one word. The reference sequence in terms of word location is 0, 2, 4, 10, 5, 12, 8, 18, 13. If the cache is direct-mapped, how many misses do we have if the cache is initially empty? Can you give the hit or miss for each reference?Let's pretend for a moment that we have a byte-addressable computer with 16-bit main memory addresses and 32-bit cache memory blocks, and that it employs two-way set associative mapping. Knowing that each block has eight bytes, please calculate the size of the offset field and provide evidence of your calculations.
- A 32-bit computer has a memory of 256 KB and a cache line size of 64 bytes. The memory cache access time is 5ns. This cache is 4-way associative and use LRU as a replacement algorithm. a) What is the number of lines and sets of this memory cache? b) What is the block size transferred between the cache memory and the main memory? c) If the time to transfer a line to cache memory is 200 ns, what is the hit ratio needed to obtain an average access time of 20 ns?You are asked to perform capacity planning for a two-level memory system. The first level, M1 is a cache with three capacity choices of 64Kbytes, 128Kbytes, and 256Kbytes. The second level, M2, is a main memory with a 4Mbyte capacity. Let c1 and c2 be the costs per byte and t1 and t2 be the access times for M1 and M2, respectively. Assume c1 = 20 * c2 and t2 = 10 * t1. The cache hit ratios for the 3 capacities are assumed to be 0.7, 0.9 and 0.95, respectively. What is the average memory access time, AMAT, if t1 = 20ns in the three cache designs? (Note that t1 is the time from M1 to CPU and t2 is that from M2 to CPU. This means that t2 includes t1).What is the point of using cache memory if we already have volatile RAM (Random Access Memory)?Transistors are used in both random-access memory (RAM) and cache memory. Is it conceivable, if at all possible, to employ just one kind of memory to carry out all of a computer's functions?
- Create a memory mapping from the cache memory of 512 MB to the main memory of 4 GB using the four-way set associative approach with a block size of 1 MB. Consider that each memory location may be accessed using a byte address.Suppose we have a 16-bit main memory address and 32 blocks of cache memory accessible on a byte-addressable computer using 2-way set associative mapping. Display your results after calculating the offset field size based on the fact that each block contains 8 bytes.Suppose a computer using fully associative cache has 4G bytes of byte-addressable main memory and a cache of 512 blocks, where each cache block contains 128 bytes. a) How many blocks of main memory are there? b) What is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache, i.e., what are the sizes of the tag and offset fields? c) To which cache block will the memory address 0x018072 map?
- Suppose we have a system with 8-byte words and a cache with 32-byte blocks connected directly to memory. The cache has a hit time of 10 ns. The bus to memory is 8 bytes wide, requesting a word from memory takes 100 ns (total, aka round trip time), and memory bus transactions are serialized (not pipelined). The baseline cache requests each word from memory sequentially on a miss, and waits to respond to the CPU until miss repair is fully complete. Consider a workload with poor locality, with a cache hit rate of only 20%. Show your work. (a) What is the AAT speedup of early restart over baseline? Assume a uniform distribution of accesses to each word in a block (25% chance of each). This means that 25% of misses are for word 1 in a block, 25% for word 2, 25% for word 3, and 25% for word 4. (b) What is the AAT speedup over baseline of early restart if the distribution of accesses to each word in a block is 5%, 15%, 30%, and 50%, respectively? (c) What is the AAT speedup over baseline with…If memory read cycle takes 100 ns and a cache read cycle takes 20 ns, then for four continuous references, the first one brings the main memory contents to cache and the next three from cache. Find the time taken for the Read cycle with and without Cache? What is the Percentage speedup obtained?Suppose a specific MCU has the following size of memories: 2 M byte of flash, starting from 0x0800_0000, 256 k byte of SRAM starting from 0x2000_0000, and 8 k byte registers for GPIOs, start at 0x4001_0000. (Note that 0x is the prefix for hexadecimal numbers.) Draw the memory map based on your calculations for the addresses.