Outline how mutations arise by depurination, deamination, and tautomeric shifts.

Q: Explain how nucleotide incorporation errors by DNA polymerase can be repaired, and the role of…

A: DNA replication is a crucial process in the cell-division. It maintains the chromosome number inside…

Q: discuss what is mutagenesis and what mechanisms are invloved?

A: Mutagenesis : It is the process by which an organism's deoxyribonucleic acid change , resulting in a…

Q: Illustrate and give the normal sequence and the mutated sequence in Leigh's syndrome

A: A disease is a state of unhealthiness of the physical body, mind and social interaction. A disease…

Q: Define nonsense mutation and silent mutation.

A: In genetics, the mutation is defined as the process of change or alteration in the DNA sequences of…

Q: What is the long term and short term effects of mutation on coding and non-coding DNA, the amount of…

A: A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome, virus, or…

Q: What is meant by Genetic Information NondiscriminationAct (GINA) ?

A: Genetics can be defined as the branch of biology which is concerned with the study of genes, genetic…

Q: Define mis-sense mutation and non-sense mutation.

A: Changes or alteration in DNA  that results in some altered expression is known as mutation.

Q: What are deletion mutation with suitable example?

A: Mutations are the alterations or the changes that occur in the DNA. Mutations are variations in…

Q: describe the telomere shortening problem and how it is solved by telomerase?

A: Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA (none coding) strand that protect the chromosome from…

Q: Explain Synthetic Lethal Mutations.

A: The mutation is caused due to alteration occurred in the gene sequence due to either environmental…

Q: Briefly explain the frameshift mutation ?

A: Mutation can be defined as the change that occurs in the DNA sequence which is caused by mistake or…

Q: Explain Deletion-insertion polymorphisms (DIPs)?

A: DIPs or Deletion-Insertion polymorphisms is defined as a large number of consistent genetic variants…

Q: define the term deletion loop

A: Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry genetic information. Each chromosome consists of…

Q: Explain about Molecular Alterations to the Genome  ?

A: a genome is all genetic material of a creature. It comprises of DNA (or RNA in RNA virus). The…

Q: How to create precise nucleotide or single-gene mutations or deletions ?

A: Each nucleotide is comprised of sugar, a phosphate gathering, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar is…

Q: What are Dissociation (Ds) mutations ?

A: Dissociation mutation can be defined as the type of mutation caused by the dissociation element.…

Q: Identify the conditions that account for the differentseasons

A: The period of a year that is characterized from others by some characteristic climatic conditions…

Q: Differentiate between point mutation and frameshift mutations.

A: Mutation is the alteration in the nucleotide sequences of the genome of an organism. Mutations may…

Q: Explain the cis-acting short DNA sequence elements ?

A: Gene is the basic unit of heredity of all living organisms. It is located in the nucleus organelle…

Q: n which condition does guanine-cytosine content inhibit the formation of right-handed DNA?

A: The guanine–cytosine content (or G+C content) is the percentage of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA…

Q: How to identify all the somatic mutationswithin tumors ?

A: A somatic mutation is a modification within the desoxyribonucleic acid sequence of a somatic cell of…

Q: Which form of Retinoblastoma typically results in unilateral disease and exhibits 2-hit mutational…

A: Retinoblastoma is a cancer that affects the eyes. It is specifically a cancer of retinal layer of…

Q: Describe four types of point mutations: transitions, transversion, deletions, and additions?

A: Mutation is the sudden heritable changes that occur in the DNA sequences due to error while copying…

Q: Why in some instances are cytosines mutational hotspots?

A: Throughout a nucleotide sequence, mutation frequencies vary. Mutation "hotspots" are positions where…

Q: Explain Mutations in a gene are colinear with the sequence of amino acids in the encoded…

A: A change in DNA sequence is called Mutation. This may be a result of an error in DNA…

Q: Explain how transposons cause mutations.

A: Introduction Transposons are the short highly repeated DNA sequence present in heterochromatic…

Q: explain Instability of TE insertion mutations

A: Transposable elements (TEs) are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that move from one location to…

Q: What are the frequency and percentage distribution of amino acids in the polypeptides coded by the…

A: The frequency and percentage distribution of amino acids in the polypeptides coded by the Original…

Q: Define about missense mutation ?

A: Mutations are changes in the DNA base sequence of any genome. Mutations can be caused naturally due…

Q: Contrast the structures and mobilization mechanisms ofretrotransposons and DNA transposons.

A: The DNA segments that move from one region in the genome into another region are called transposable…

Q: Define a mutation and explain how mutant forms are identified.

A: Any alternation in the sequence of nucleotide in the genome of any organism is known as mutation.…

Q: List out the main types of DNA damage that occur below and major cause of this type of mutation. How…

A: DNA damage is a change in the basic structure of DNA. Damage can be addition of the bases , removal…

Q: Explain the types of retrotransposons ?

A: The type of genetic components that copy and paste themselves into different genomic locations by…

Q: Explain Null (amorphic) and leaky mutations (hypomorphic), hypermorphic and neomorphic mutations

A: Mutations (changes in a gene sequence) can result in mutant alleles that no longer produce the same…

Q: Define transposable element

A: Transposable elements are present in the DNA of an organism that can cause mutations and alter the…

Q: How base tautomerization causes mutation?

A: Mutations are changes that occurs in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, either due to…

Q: Explain about Nonautonomous transposons ?

A: Certain terms are fundamental concepts and terms used in biology, which is the study of life and…

Q: Discuss the similarities and differences between nucleotide excisionrepair and the mismatch repair…

A: REPAIR PATHWAYS:- Both in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, there is a repair enzyme system to deal with…

Q: Explain how mismatch repair fixes incorrectly matched base pairs.

A: During DNA synthesis, most DNA polymerases use a process is called proofreading to double-check…

Q: Explain why transposons induce mutations.

A: A mutation occurs/happens when the sequence/structure of DNA changes. Mutations can occur as a…

Q: Describe a tautomeric shift and how it may lead to a mutation.

A: A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA of a cell such that the sequence deviates from what is…

Q: Discuss the possible effects of mutations

A: A mutation is the change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. Mutation may arise due to any…

Q: Does transversion occur, If a purine replaces a pyrimidine, or vice versa ?

A: DNA substitution mutation is a type of mutation in which the nitrogenous bases undergo replacement…

Q: Discuss the consequences of a germ-line versus a somatic mutation.

A: Mutations are changes in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, which can be inherited by future…

Q: Discuss the types of mutations (chromosome and gene mutations).

A: Mutation is any change in the DNA sequence that an ultimately responsible for a point mutation or…

Q: Distinguish between germ-line and somatic mutations.

A:

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.