Chapter 17How do viruses replicate?What is the basic structure of viruses?What is the difference between DNA viruses and RNA viruses?How are Viruses visualized?What are the steps of virus infections?List external barriers and chemical barriers found in the immune system.What are the characteristics of an inflammatory response?Define the humoral immune response. What is it controlled by?Define the cell-mediated immune response. What is it controlled by?Define allergies.Define and distinguish in between the two hypersensitivities: Delayed and Autoimmune.What is the spleen and what is its primary function? (Ans. Part of the lymphatic system that acts as a blood filter)What is lymph?What is autoimmunity? What is an autoantibody?How do antibodies binding to antigens fight off infections? (Ans. Through neutralization, opsonization and complement activation)What are macrophages?What are cytokines? Chapter 18Define and give examples of Parthenogenesis, Budding, Fragmentation, and Fission.Define the internal fertilization concepts of Viviparity, Ovoviviparity and Oviparity.What are the three germ layers and what do they give rise to?Define each of the following procedures: Vasectomy and TubectomyWhat is gametogenesis?What are the functions of the hormone testosterone? (Ans. stimulating spermatogenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics in genetic males)What are the characteristics of each trimester and labor? In which trimester is an exposure to toxins more dangerous?What happens to the primitive gonads when testosterone is absent during development?What are hermaphrodites? (Ans. Hermaphrodites are animals that have both male and female reproductive systems)What does the ovarian cycle govern? (Ans. The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs)What does the menstrual cycle govern? (Ans. The menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining) Chapter 19Define the estimating population size sampling methods: quadrat and mark and release.Define a life table and what it is used for?What does a survivorship curve show? What are the three different types?Define logistic, and exponential growth and provide examples of each.What is the difference between r-selected and K-selected species. Provide examples of each.What are density-dependent and density-independent regulation. Provide examples.Define keystone species, foundation species, and pioneer species.Define commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism.What are some examples of Behavioral, Mechanical and Chemical defenses?Define commensalism, parasitism and mutualismWhat is mimicry? (Ans. Defense mechanism in which some prey species have evolved to mimic the coloration of other harmful/poisonous prey species to avoid being eaten)Define an invasive species Chapter 20Define an ecosystemDefine a food chainDefine a food webWhat is nitrification and denitrification and what role do they play in the Nitrogen Cycle. (Ans. The process of converting ammonium (NH4+) to nitrites (NO2-) is called nitrification and the process of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas to re-enter the atmosphere is called denitrification)What are the different terrestrial biomes?Define photic and aphotic oceanic zonesWhat are producers in the food chain? (Ans. Organisms in a food chain that are usually photosynthetic)What is a grazing food web?What is a detrital food web?Define biomagnificationWhat is sublimation in the water cycle? (Ans. Transition of water from ice (solid) to water vapor (gas))In which terrestrial biome do you see permafrost?What are estuaries? (Ans. Estuaries are biomes that occur where a river, a source of fresh water, meets the ocean)What are wetlands? (Ans. Wetlands are environments in which the soil is either permanently or periodically saturated with water) Chapter 21How do ecologists measure biodiversity? (Ans. By taking into account the number of species and the number of individuals in each species).What are the types of biodiversity?In what ways is biodiversity important? (Ans. Human health, agriculture, wild food sources)What threat to biodiversity is the loss of half the Sumatran Forest an example of?Define an exotic speciesWhat is climate change?What are biodiversity hotspots?What are preserves?Whales have a slow-growing population and are at a risk of complete extinction due to which biodiversity threat?What are some examples of recent and current extinct species? (Ans. Dodo bird, Stellar’s sea cow, Passenger pigeon)What conservation measure is the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park an example of? What is considered as a major extinction threat when combined with habitat loss? (Ans. Climate change)

Question

Chapter 17How do viruses replicate?What is the basic structure of viruses?What is the difference between DNA viruses and RNA viruses?How are Viruses visualized?What are the steps of virus infections?List external barriers and chemical barriers found in the immune system.What are the characteristics of an inflammatory response?Define the humoral immune response. What is it controlled by?Define the cell-mediated immune response. What is it controlled by?Define allergies.Define and distinguish in between the two hypersensitivities: Delayed and Autoimmune.What is the spleen and what is its primary function? (Ans. Part of the lymphatic system that acts as a blood filter)What is lymph?What is autoimmunity? What is an autoantibody?How do antibodies binding to antigens fight off infections? (Ans. Through neutralization, opsonization and complement activation)What are macrophages?What are cytokines? Chapter 18Define and give examples of Parthenogenesis, Budding, Fragmentation, and Fission.Define the internal fertilization concepts of Viviparity, Ovoviviparity and Oviparity.What are the three germ layers and what do they give rise to?Define each of the following procedures: Vasectomy and TubectomyWhat is gametogenesis?What are the functions of the hormone testosterone? (Ans. stimulating spermatogenesis and development of secondary sexual characteristics in genetic males)What are the characteristics of each trimester and labor? In which trimester is an exposure to toxins more dangerous?What happens to the primitive gonads when testosterone is absent during development?What are hermaphrodites? (Ans. Hermaphrodites are animals that have both male and female reproductive systems)What does the ovarian cycle govern? (Ans. The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs)What does the menstrual cycle govern? (Ans. The menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining) Chapter 19Define the estimating population size sampling methods: quadrat and mark and release.Define a life table and what it is used for?What does a survivorship curve show? What are the three different types?Define logistic, and exponential growth and provide examples of each.What is the difference between r-selected and K-selected species. Provide examples of each.What are density-dependent and density-independent regulation. Provide examples.Define keystone species, foundation species, and pioneer species.Define commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism.What are some examples of Behavioral, Mechanical and Chemical defenses?Define commensalism, parasitism and mutualismWhat is mimicry? (Ans. Defense mechanism in which some prey species have evolved to mimic the coloration of other harmful/poisonous prey species to avoid being eaten)Define an invasive species Chapter 20Define an ecosystemDefine a food chainDefine a food webWhat is nitrification and denitrification and what role do they play in the Nitrogen Cycle. (Ans. The process of converting ammonium (NH4+) to nitrites (NO2-) is called nitrification and the process of converting nitrates into nitrogen gas to re-enter the atmosphere is called denitrification)What are the different terrestrial biomes?Define photic and aphotic oceanic zonesWhat are producers in the food chain? (Ans. Organisms in a food chain that are usually photosynthetic)What is a grazing food web?What is a detrital food web?Define biomagnificationWhat is sublimation in the water cycle? (Ans. Transition of water from ice (solid) to water vapor (gas))In which terrestrial biome do you see permafrost?What are estuaries? (Ans. Estuaries are biomes that occur where a river, a source of fresh water, meets the ocean)What are wetlands? (Ans. Wetlands are environments in which the soil is either permanently or periodically saturated with water) Chapter 21How do ecologists measure biodiversity? (Ans. By taking into account the number of species and the number of individuals in each species).What are the types of biodiversity?In what ways is biodiversity important? (Ans. Human health, agriculture, wild food sources)What threat to biodiversity is the loss of half the Sumatran Forest an example of?Define an exotic speciesWhat is climate change?What are biodiversity hotspots?What are preserves?Whales have a slow-growing population and are at a risk of complete extinction due to which biodiversity threat?What are some examples of recent and current extinct species? (Ans. Dodo bird, Stellar’s sea cow, Passenger pigeon)What conservation measure is the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park an example of?  What is considered as a major extinction threat when combined with habitat loss? (Ans. Climate change)

Accepted Answer

Microbiology: The examination of microscopic creatures' which includes viruses, bacterium, algae,…

How do viruses replicate? What is the basic structure of viruses? What is the difference between DNA viruses and RNA viruses?