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- Cervical Cancer Incidence in HPV-Positive Women A persistent infection with one of about 10 strains of genital HPV (human papillomavirus) is the main risk factor for cervical cancer. The virus spreads easily by sexual contact, but vaccines that prevent infection have been available since 2006. The vaccines consist of viral proteins that self-assemble into virus-like particles. The particles are not infectious (they contain no viral DNA), but their component proteins trigger an immune response that can prevent HPV infection and the cervical cancer it causes. In 2003, Michelle Khan and her coworkers published results of their 10-year study correlating HPV status with cervical cancer incidence in women (FIGURE 37.23). All 20,514 participants were free of cervical cancer when the study began. FIGURE 37.23 Cumulative incidence rate of cervical cancer correlated with HPV status. HPV16 positive HPV16 negative and HPV18 positive All other cancer-causing HPV types combined No cancer-causing HPV types was detected. At 110 months into the study, what percentage of women who were not infected with any type of cancer-causing HPV had cervical cancer? What percentage of women who were infected with HPV16 also had cancer?topic: Zika Virus write summary on a virus and its tropism for specific hosts, tissues, or cells. For example, you may want to discuss: the distribution/expression of the relevant cell surface receptor or other factors modulating viral entry, or you may want to focus on the environment in a specific niche that makes it conducive for infection by the virus. You can also choose to research a tangential topic like how tropism is considered in vaccine development. thank you-In details, compare the life cycles of influenza virus and measles virus (4-5 points of contrasting). Thank you!
- Describe Covid-19, it’s mechanism of entry, and it’s deleterious effects. Be specific about receptor type used for viral entry.Enumerate and briefly explain the steps in pathogenesis of COVID-19 with this format: Entry of the pathogen into the body > Attachment of the pathogen to some tissue(s) within the body > Multiplication of the pathogen > Invasion or spread of the pathogen > Evasion of host defenses > Damage to host tissue(s)e) Bats have been implicated as the source of many viruses against which humans have a difficult time mounting an effective immune response. Interestingly, flight plays an important role. i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how the viruses cross over into humans, and iii) why our immune response has a more difficult time mounting an effective response against them
- The coronavirus is named for it’s crown or “corona” in Latin which is made of A.jewels b.protein spikes c.ciliaAntigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dra-matic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise fromrare events in which:(a) Two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the sametime(b) Two separate viruses undergo lysogenic conversion(c) Two viruses conjugate(d) Mutations accumulate(e) All of the aboved) After your immune system subdues the virus, you wake up in sweaty clothes. i) Explain generally why you wake up in that state and ii) describe the steps that occur in your body that result in this response. e) Bats have been implicated as the source of many viruses against which humans have a difficult time mounting an effective immune response. Interestingly, flight plays an important role. i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how the viruses cross over into humans, and iii) why our immune response has a more difficult time mounting an effective response against them 4 Temperature
- Considering the pandemic brought about by COVID-19, there has been plant-based products/ herbal medicine that is becoming famous as anti-viral drugs, what is your take regarding the use of these plants as treatment? You may search for and state examples of these plants and the supposed mechanism of action to fight off coronavirus. State whether you agree to using herbal drugs as treatment and the reason why.(Please answer all parts, thank you!) 1) Mature red blood cells contain hemoglobin for transporting oxygen but contain little else. They lack a nucleus and most organelles. Are red blood cells more or less likely to be infected by a virus? a) More likely b) Less likely 2) How does SARS-COV-2 genetic material get replicated? a) Host cell DNA polymerase b) Host cell RNA polymerase c) RNA polymerase encoded for by viral genome and built in the host cell d) RNA polymerase encoded for by viral genome and originated from the virus 3) How does SARS-COV-2 proteins get built? a) The host cell's ribosome b) Ribosome encoded for by viral genome and built in host cellChapter 13: Viruses, Viroids, and Prions16. Bacteriophage: Compare and contrast virulent vs.temperate bacteriophage. In your response please address the following:a. Draw (separately) the components of the lytic and lysogenic cycle and describe the type of virus (virulent or temperate) that goes through each cycle.b. Identify and describe and key steps in each cycle.c. Is the infection productive or latent? Explain. *Be sure to define any terms and be specific in your response.