prime number. 10. (a) Ifa ring R with 1 has characteristic 0, show that R contains a subring that is in 1-1 correspondence with Z (this subring is called the prime subring of R). 777
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- 33. An element of a ring is called nilpotent if for some positive integer . Show that the set of all nilpotent elements in a commutative ring forms an ideal of . (This ideal is called the radical of .)a. If R is a commutative ring with unity, show that the characteristic of R[ x ] is the same as the characteristic of R. b. State the characteristic of Zn[ x ]. c. State the characteristic of Z[ x ].11. a. Give an example of a ring of characteristic 4, and elements in such that b. Give an example of a noncommutative ring with characteristic 4, and elements in such that .
- 17. Suppose is a ring with positive characteristic. Prove that if is any ideal of then is a multiple of the characteristic of.An element a of a ring R is called nilpotent if an=0 for some positive integer n. Prove that the set of all nilpotent elements in a commutative ring R forms a subring of R.18. Let be the smallest subring of the field of rational numbers that contains . Find a description for a typical element of .
- Let R be a commutative ring with characteristic 2. Show that each of the following is true for all x,yR a. (x+y)2=x2+y2 b. (x+y)4=x4+y4. a. Let, and . Show that and are only ideals of and hence is a maximal ideal. b. Show that is not a field. Hence Theorem is not true if the condition that is commutative is removed. Theorem 6.22 Quotient Rings That are Fields. Let be a commutative ring with unity, and let be an ideal of . Then is a field if and only if is a maximal ideal of .18. Let be a commutative ring with unity, and let be the principal ideal in . Prove that is isomorphic to .
- 22. Let be a ring with finite number of elements. Show that the characteristic of divides .8. Prove that the characteristic of a field is either 0 or a prime.Corollary requires that be a field. Show that each of the following polynomials of positive degree has more than zeros over where is not a field. over over