Properties of Models The input u shown below is applied to some LTI causal system M. The resulting output y is plotted below. Assume that the initial conditions are zero. 2 1 1 t 3 4 3 4 5 -1 -1 -2- -2 (a) Find and sketch the unit step response of M. (b) Does you answer require causality? (c) Does your answer require linearity? (d) Does your answer require time-invariance?

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Graph theory

It is that part of network analysis where the configuration is called graph or structure of the network system when all of the elements (e.g., R, L, and C) in a network system are substituted with lines having circles/rings or dots across both endpoints. The study of the solution of the networks and circuits with the help of graphs is known as graph theory. The objective is to know the mathematics behind the network analysis.