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Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.

Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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A certain type of tumor results in the overproduction of glucagon. Researchers claim that treatment with insulin can counteract the effects of the excess glucagon on the pathway shown in Figure 2. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' claim.

Glycogen is a complex polymer of glucose molecules involved in the storage of energy in many organisms. Depending on the signals received by a cell, different enzymes are activated, which will lead to either the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen. The product of glycogen breakdown, glucose 1-phosphate, can be modified into glucose 6-phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis (Figure 1). THE Glycogen Glucose 6-Phosphate Glucose 1-Phosphate Figure 1. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown Glycogen Synthase Glycogen Phosphorylase In the liver, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are regulated by kinases. These kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP to amino acids in glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. Phosphorylase kinase B (PKB) is a kinase that regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activity. GSK3 regulates the activity of glycogen synthase. Phosphorylase kinase (PK) regulates the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. The activity of these kinases depends on the activation of signaling pathways in response to the binding of specific cell signals, including insulin and glucagon, to their receptors (Figure 2 - next page).
Transcribed Image Text:Glycogen is a complex polymer of glucose molecules involved in the storage of energy in many organisms. Depending on the signals received by a cell, different enzymes are activated, which will lead to either the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen. The product of glycogen breakdown, glucose 1-phosphate, can be modified into glucose 6-phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis (Figure 1). THE Glycogen Glucose 6-Phosphate Glucose 1-Phosphate Figure 1. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown Glycogen Synthase Glycogen Phosphorylase In the liver, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are regulated by kinases. These kinases transfer phosphate groups from ATP to amino acids in glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. Phosphorylase kinase B (PKB) is a kinase that regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activity. GSK3 regulates the activity of glycogen synthase. Phosphorylase kinase (PK) regulates the activity of glycogen phosphorylase. The activity of these kinases depends on the activation of signaling pathways in response to the binding of specific cell signals, including insulin and glucagon, to their receptors (Figure 2 - next page).
Cell Membrane of a Liver Cell Glucose 6-Phosphate Glycolysis → = Activates = Inhibits Glucose 1-Phosphate Insulin PKB 1 GSK3 1 Glycogen Synthase Insulin Receptor PK 个 Glycogen Glycogen Phosphorylase Glucagon Receptor Glucagon Figure 2. A simplified model of signaling pathways in a liver cell that are activated by insulin and glucagon
Transcribed Image Text:Cell Membrane of a Liver Cell Glucose 6-Phosphate Glycolysis → = Activates = Inhibits Glucose 1-Phosphate Insulin PKB 1 GSK3 1 Glycogen Synthase Insulin Receptor PK 个 Glycogen Glycogen Phosphorylase Glucagon Receptor Glucagon Figure 2. A simplified model of signaling pathways in a liver cell that are activated by insulin and glucagon
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