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- QUESTION 28 Which of the following is the primary method by which cyclin proteins are regulated to influence entry into the cell cycle or transition from one stage to the next? A. Transcriptional upregulation and translation followed by targeted ubiquitin-mediated degradation by a proteasome. B. Phosphorylation to regulate the activity of the kinase site. C. An activating phosphorylation and an inactivating phosphorylation. D. All of these are mechanisms that can be used to regulate cyclins.QUESTION 29 Which of the following is NOT a primary method used to regulate the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks)? A. Binding to cyclins B. Binding to a CDK inhibitor C. Dephosphorylation of a specific amino acid D. Degradation by a proteasome E. Phosphorylation on a specific amino acidQUESTION 2 [20]In your own words explain the term “phagocytosis” and discuss the three (3) stages that are involved in the process
- QUESTION 12 What is most likely to occur in a cell when the levels of free GTP-bound tubulin subunits are very high in the cytoplasm? A The GTP cap on the end of the microtubules will shrink. B Microtubules will lengthen by adding tubulin subunits to their + ends. C The GTP-bound tubulin subunits will move into the nucleus. D Microtubules will undergo catastrophe and shorten. E Microtubules will lengthen by adding tubulin subunits to their - ends.QUESTION 32 "The cell volume shrinks, cells lose cell-cell contact, the actin cytoskeleton is fragmented, the cell membrane forms blebs, chromatin is chopped into small pieces, and the cell is eventually phagocytosed" is a description of which of the following cell states? A. G0 B. Quiescence C. Mitosis D. Senescence E. ApoptosisQuestion 7 Among the following, which one is trans-acting transcription element? Enhancer Silencer Promoter Transcription factor
- QUESTION 20 You are studying the effects of removing integrins from cells. Which of the following abilities is the cell most likely to lose? A The cells are going to lose their ability to make connections with the ECM. B The cells will lose their ability to secrete growth factors. C The cells are going to lose their ability to form cell-cell adhesions. D The cells are going to lose their ability to communicate with the cytoskeleton.QUESTION 35 What event occurs to divide the sister cells in two during cytokinesis? A. Constriction of the cell body by the sliding of myosin filaments on actin filaments. B. Contraction of the cell body by the shortening of actin and myosin filaments. C. Contraction of the cell body by shortening of the microtubules. D. Dissolving of the cytoplasm at the center of the cell body followed by polymerization of new actin filaments.QUESTION 9 Which of the following is/are a motor protein(s) that can carry vesicles along microtubules? A Dynein B Kinesin C Myosin D Tau E A and B
- QUESTION 3 Which of the following statements regarding microtubules is FALSE? A Microtubules are polar. B Microtubules are inherently unstable and rapidly disassemble with low GTP concentrations. C Microtubule-binding proteins, such as Tau, always bind to microtubules to destabilize them. D Microtubules are composed of 13 protofilaments that are arranged into a hollow cylinder. E Microtubules are typically arranged in cells such that their plus (+) ends are directed towards the plasma membrane and their minus (-) ends are attached to the centrosomes.QUESTION 15 Which of the following molecules is NOT a component of desmosomes? A Intermediate filaments B Actin C Plakoglobin D Desmoplakin E DesmocolinQUESTION 13 What is the mechanism by which microtubules can rapidly shrink, or undergo â catastrophe?â A At low levels of ATP, tubulin subunits are not added to the + end of the microtubule. B At low levels of GTP, beta-tubulin subunits at the + end of the microtubule hydrolyze GTP, undergo a conformational change, and destabilize the filament so that the filament starts to disassemble from the + end. C At low levels of GTP, tau proteins are phosphorylated and bind to the microtubule to destabilize the + end. D At high levels of GTP, tubulin subunits are more quickly added to the â end than to the + end of the microtubule, resulting in a shrinking + end of the microtubule. E At low levels of ATP, the microtubules rapidly disassemble since ADP-bound tubulin subunits are lost at both the + and â ends of the filament.