Recent studies in Alaska have indicated that killer whales have recently begun to feed on sea otters. The kelp forest community that previously was comprised of only 3 trophic levels (secondary consumer = otters, primary consumers = urchins, primary producers = kelp) have now become 4 trophic level systems (tertiary consumer- killer whale). As predicted by trophic cascade theory, this change in the number of trophic levels results in… a. consumer limitation for killer whales b. resource limitation for kelp c. an increase in kelp abundance d. bottom up control e. resource limitation for urchins

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