Researchers interested in how hallucinogens might help people with depression have focused on an area that is just posterior to the thalamus called the which is active when experiencing unpleasant events, It has come to be known as the "disappointment circuit" and is overactive in people with depression. lateral habenula (LHb) precuneus fornix substania nigra ventrolateral prefrontal area (VLPA)
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- Some survivors of disastrous events have post-traumaticstress disorder (PTSD). Symptoms include nightmaresabout the experience and suddenly feeling as if the eventis recurring. Brain-imaging studies of people with PTSDshowed that their hippocampus was shrunken and theiramygdala unusually active. Given these changes, whatother brain functions might be disrupted in PTSD?The prefrontal lobotomy is a drastic—and largely outof-practice—procedure used to disconnect that portion ofthe cerebral cortex from the rest of the frontal lobe andthe diencephalon as a psychiatric therapy. Why would thishave been thought necessary for someone with a potentiallyuncontrollable behavior?There is no single "sleep center" or "waking center" in the brain. Which forebrain arousal center helps to maintain wakefulness by releasing orexin (a.k.a., hypocretin) and maintaining activity in the prefrontal cortex? A) Raphe nuclei B) Lateral hypothalamus (LH) C) Basal forebrain D) Pedunculopontine (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nuclei
- The part of the diencephalon that regulates hunger,weight, water and electrolyte balance, sleep andwakefulness, temperature, arterial blood pressure,heart rate, production of substances that stimulatethe pituitary gland, and movement and secretion inareas of the digestive tract is the .a. thalamusb. pineal glandc. infundibulumd. hypothalamusDepression is associated with: Enhanced memory functions Impaired memory functions Enhanced autonomic functions Sharpening of the olfactory sensethe part of the brain that links the nervous to the endocrine system is the________________ Spinocerebellar tracts which carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum do not decussate. True or false which organ in the brain forms the cerebrospinal fluid?
- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/basalnuclei2) to learn about the basal nuclei (also knownas the basal ganglia), which have two pathways that process information within the cerebrum. As shown in this video,the indirect pathway is the longer pathway through thesystem that results in decreased activity in the cerebralcortex, and therefore less motor activity. The indirectpathway has an extra couple of connections in it, includingdisinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus. What is the endresult on the thalamus, and therefore on movement initiatedby the cerebral cortex?What role does dopamine play and how that has been linked to the experience of hallucinations and delusions?List the functions of the hypothalamus and indicate the other brain regions that cooperatewith the hypothalamus in the performance of these functions.
- The ____ and ____ are both found deep within fissures of the cerebral cortex. These two regions form a network with the amygdala and hypothalamus. Although they are also involved in other important functions, many modern imaging studies show that they activate simultaneously during the conscious experience of emotional feelings. A) anterior cingulate cortex; anterior insular cortex B) thalamus; hippocampus C) caudate nucleus; globus pallidus D) substancia nigra; ventra tegmental areaWhich of the following cognitive abilites is often impaired in dyslexia? a. False-belief understanding b. Verbal long- term memory c. Verbal working memory d. Visuospatial memoryIntracranial headache may result from all the following clinical causes, except :-a- decreased CSF pressureb- spasm of scalp musclesc- distension of big venous sinusesd- pressure upon tentorium cerebelli