Returns earned over a given time period are called realized returns. Historical data on realized returns is often used to estimate future results. Analysts across companies use realized stock returns to estimate the risk of a stock. Consider the case of Falcon Freight Inc. (FF): Five years of realized returns for FF are given in the following table. Remember: 1. While FF was started 40 years ago, its common stock has been publicly traded for the past 25 years. 2. The returns on its equity are calculated as arithmetic returns. 3. The historical returns for FF for 2014 to 2018 are: 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Stock return 20.00% 13.60% 24.00% 33.60% 10.40% Given the preceding data, the average realized return on FF’s stock is _______. The preceding data series represents ________ of FF’s historical returns. Based on this conclusion, the standard deviation of FF’s historical returns is _________. If investors expect the average realized return from 2014 to 2018 on FF’s stock to continue into the future, its coefficient of variation (CV) will be _________.
Dividend Valuation
Dividend refers to a reward or cash that a company gives to its shareholders out of the profits. Dividends can be issued in various forms such as cash payment, stocks, or in any other form as per the company norms. It is usually a part of the profit that the company shares with its shareholders.
Dividend Discount Model
Dividend payments are generally paid to investors or shareholders of a company when the company earns profit for the year, thus representing growth. The dividend discount model is an important method used to forecast the price of a company’s stock. It is based on the computation methodology that the present value of all its future dividends is equivalent to the value of the company.
Capital Gains Yield
It may be referred to as the earnings generated on an investment over a particular period of time. It is generally expressed as a percentage and includes some dividends or interest earned by holding a particular security. Cases, where it is higher normally, indicate the higher income and lower risk. It is mostly computed on an annual basis and is different from the total return on investment. In case it becomes too high, indicates that either the stock prices are going down or the company is paying higher dividends.
Stock Valuation
In simple words, stock valuation is a tool to calculate the current price, or value, of a company. It is used to not only calculate the value of the company but help an investor decide if they want to buy, sell or hold a company's stocks.
3. Measuring stand-alone risk using realized (historical) data
| 1. | While FF was started 40 years ago, its common stock has been publicly traded for the past 25 years. |
| 2. | The |
| 3. | The historical returns for FF for 2014 to 2018 are: |
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2014
|
2015
|
2016
|
2017
|
2018
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stock return | 20.00% | 13.60% | 24.00% | 33.60% | 10.40% |
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