Reverse transcriptase is an error prone DNA polymerase.   Describe the role of reverse transcriptase in viral propagation and how having an error-prone enzyme might make it challenging to have a vaccine

Q: Propose a unique target for a drug that would inhibit replication of retroviruses in humans

A: Viruses are obligate intracellular microorganisms that require a living cell for their growth and…

Q: If the HIV did not have a reverse transcriptase enzyme, then which of the following would apply?…

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that comprise a large and diverse family of…

Q: Small genetic changes to a virus that result in viruses with similar antigenic properties is called

A:

Q: Consider the separate stages of an animal virus life cycle. Assemble a short list of structures and…

A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…

Q: Please explain the mechanism of transposition in the bacteria and virus

A: Transposons (Transposable elements) are a type of mobile genetic element characterized by their DNA…

Q: Describe the life cycle of influenza virus. What function do the neuraminidase and haemagglutinin…

A: Introduction Influenza is a virus that affects our respiratory system, which includes our nose,…

Q: Give a short discussion of the lytic and lysogenic phases in the lifecycle of certain viruses. the…

A: Bacterial viruses called bacteriophages can undergo two types of life cycles - lytic or lysogenic.…

Q: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the following viruses as vectors…

A: Virus is a microscopic agent which replicates inside the cells of organism.Study of viruses is…

Q: Stress can cause a latent virus to enter the lytic cycle, resulting in symptoms for the host. A.…

A: Virus is non - cellular particle which is smaller than the bacteria.  They  act as alive when enter…

Q: Review virus structure and virus replication Match the term and its description an infectious…

A: Viruses are the most cunning microorganisms that always hijack the host organism and thus replicates…

Q: One of the tests for coronavirus relies on reverse transcriptase. Explain how you might mass produce…

A: Reverse transcriptase (RT) is a DNA polymerase enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA to DNA. It…

Q: Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat infections caused by…

A: Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that converts an RNA template into complementary DNA.

Q: Explain why the authors believe that plasma cells are implicated in the infection and recovery of…

A: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory…

Q: Explain what an mRNA vaccine is and elaborate on how it differs from other types of vaccines

A: A biological preparation that is administered to a person to develop active acquired immunity…

Q: Explain how retroviruses function. Be sure to address the role of reverse transcriptase in the…

A: Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that can replicate only inside living host cells. They can…

Q: Why is earlier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus

A: Mutations are the changes in the DNA sequence of an organism which may or may not affect the…

Q: Compare and contrast the processes of latency and lysogeny, providing examples of latent viruses and…

A: The difference is given below in the table.

Q: discuss how each biomacromolecule class (proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids)…

A: SARS-CoV-2 is the causative pathogen of COVID-19 infection, the pandemic that has brought the world…

Q: Select the likely mechanism of action for this viral reverse transcriptase inhibitor

A: Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), and ribonucleic…

Q: Viruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For…

A: Viruses are acellular organisms. They become active once they enter inside an organism and can…

Q: Vectors cannot transport viruses across different species of organisms.   Select one: True False

A: Vectors are the organisms that can transfer organisms from between different individuals or between…

Q: Briefly explain why all viruses with a RNA genome (excluding retroviruses) must produce their own…

A: RNA polymerase is a protein that converts DNA sequences into RNA and then synthesizes new strands of…

Q: Adeno-associated viral vectors integrate into the genome of non-dividing or slowly dividing cells.…

A: Adenoviruses are non-enveloped viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome and an icosahedral…

Q: Explain why viral shapes are significant when it comes to host identification and infection

A: Viruses are very small and can not be seen with a light microscope, except for the poxvirus, the…

Q: Explain the mechanism by which some (+)ssRNA viruses are able to produce many proteins from a single…

A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is  composed of…

Q: One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is…

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that contains single-strand RNA genome. It…

Q: The rabies virus is a negative strand single stranded RNA virus, simply referred to as (-) ssRNA.…

A: Rabies virus (Rabies lyssavirus in technical terms) is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in…

Q: Retroviruses are dependent on reverse transcriptase, which does which of the following? Transcribes…

A: Answer- (d) creates a DNA copy of an RNA template In reverse transcription the RNA genome of the…

Q: Contrast the genomes of HIV and hepatitis B virus

A: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in humans. HIV…

Q: Reverse transcriptase is needed to transcribe which type of viral genome into DNA? dsRNA SSDNA SSRNA…

A: Viral genome - Viral genome is defined as the genome of the virus particles. This genome can be made…

Q: Knowing that there is extraordinary variety of viral genomes give some examples.  Briefly compare…

A: Virus are non living and they are made up of rna or dna their genome can be single stranded or…

Q: properties of virus particles

A:

Q: Answer the question in below and explain your answer in details with examples. Explain 3 types of…

A: Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system establish immunity against…

Q: discuss the similarities and differences between animal and bacterial virus multiplication.

A: Viruses are infectious agents that can replicate and survive inside the living cells of an organism.…

Q: Explain how poliovirus produces multiple proteins from its genomic RNA

A: Poliovirus is a single strand rna virus and it consists of positive strand rna and thus the rna is…

Q: Many viruses have the ability to resurrect dead cells. Why investigating this feature of viruses may…

A: Viruses are referred as obligate intracellular parasites, they rely on the host cell for…

Q: Why are viral diagnoses difficult? Because they are very small and hard to see Because they rarely…

A: Virus  An Infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is…

Q: Give an example of a viral diagnostic method that detects viral nucleic acid and one that detects…

A: Viral diagnostic method used to detect viral nucleic acid especially is called Nucleic Acid…

Q: Refer to figures  and compare and contrast how both viruses use surface receptors to evade an immune…

A: The given figure is a drawing of hemagglutinin (H) of the influenza virus. Blue boxes depict sites…

Q: Describe the functions of the transcriptase/replicase complex in coronavirus replication.

A: Introduction :-  Coronaviruses are encapsulated RNA viruses with a positive strand that infect…

Q: Place the stages of the viral life cycle in their correct order.   ____ Attachment ____ Lysis…

A: Viruses are simple, noncellular entities consisting of one or more molecules of either DNA or RNA…

Q: Explain the difference between the lysogenic and lytic cycle of some viruses.

A: Lysogenic and the lytic cycle are the two cycles of viral reproduction. The lysogenic cycle involves…

Q: Rhinovirus and the flaviviruses have a _________ RNA genome, which ___________________ bind in order…

A: Introduction :-  Rhinovirus and flavivirus are the viruses which consist of RNA as genetic material…

Q: Tat and Rev proteins are required for HIV replication. What are their roles and why are they…

A: Introduction Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two types of Lentivirus (a type of retrovirus…

Q: explain this LAPTM5 restricts HIV-1 and Vpr counteracts the restriction

A: Lysosomal Protein Transmembrane 5 ( LAPTM-5) help in transportation of of HIV-1 envelope into…

Q: Viral gene delivery vectors are favored for therapeutic applications because of their efficiency and…

A: Viral gene delivery vectors or the viral vectors are the most preferred method of gene transduction…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.